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'Ruthenia' is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various states that existed in these territories. Essentially, the word is a Latin rendering of the ancient place-name Rus (cf. etymology of Rus and derivatives). Today, the historical territory of Rus, in the broadest sense, is formed with part(s) of the lands of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, a small part of northeastern Slovakia and a narrow strip of eastern Poland.
The term "Ruthenia" may mean significantly different things, depending on to ''whom'' the term applies and the ''when'', ''why'', and to ''which period''. It may refer to any of the following entities, appearing in rough chronological order:

Contents

Early Middle Ages

Late Middle Ages

Modern age

Belarusians

Ukrainians

Rusyns

Cognate word

External links

References

Early Middle Ages

If the name ''Ruthenia'' has any connection to the name ''Rus'', it is in the west generally held to derive from the Varangians whom the early Slavic and Finnic tribes called ''Rus' and this name is derived from the Old Norse root ''roðs-'' or ''roths-'' referring to the domain of rowing and still existing in the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden, ''Ruotsi'' and ''Rootsi''. Later the name came to denote not only the Scandinavian aristocracy in Eastern Europe but also the ethnically mixed population of their domains.
Some modern scholars use the spelling ''Ruthenia'' when discussing the Middle Ages in English texts. However, the ancient state of Rus did not have a proper name apart from the phrase ''zemlya ruskaya'', and therefore there were different spellings in different languages.
The term ''Ruteni'' first appears in the form ''rex Rutenorum'' in the 12th-century Augsburg annals. It was most likely a reflex of the ancient tradition, when the barbaric people were called by the names found in Classical Latin authors, i.e. Danes were called Daci and Germans were called Theutoni. Likewise, the Rus passed by the name of ''Ruteni'', the form being influenced by one of the Gallic tribes mentioned by Julius Caesar.
There is a 12th-century Latin geography from France which says that "Russia is also called Ruthenia, as you may see from the following phrase of Lucan…" The original Latin text: ''Polonia in uno sui capite contingit Russiam, quae et Ruthenia, de qua Lucanus: Solvuntur flavi longa statione Rutheni''. Earlier the Rus had been referred to as ''Rugi'' (one of the foremost Gothic tribes) and ''Rutuli'' (an Italic tribe mentioned by Virgil in the Aeneid).
By the end of the 12th century, the word ''Ruthenia'' was used, among the alternative spelling ''Ruscia'' and ''Russia'', in Latin papal documents to denote the lands formerly dominated by Kiev. By the 13th century, the term became the dominant name for Rus' in Latin documents, particularly those written in Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland.

Late Middle Ages

By the 14th century, the state of Rus had disintegrated into loosely united principalities. Vladimir-Suzdal and the Novgorod Republic in the north fell under Mongol influence. Later, one of the daughter-principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal, the Moscow principality (or ''Muscovy'') took control of most of the northern principalities of Rus, and started to use the word, "Rus'," to cover the expanded state. Natives used other forms of the name Rus for their country, and some of these forms also passed into Latin and English.
The territories of Halych-Volynia , Kiev and other in the south were helped out of Mongols in 1320 and united with Catholic Lithuania and Polonia, and therefore were usually denoted by the Latin ''Ruthenia''. However, other spellings were used in Latin, English and other languages during this period as well.
These southern territories have corresponding names in Polish:

★ ''Ruś Halicko-Wołyńska'' — Halych-Volynia

★ ''Ruś Halicka'' — Halych

★ ''Ruś Biała'' — White Ruthenia, White Russia or Belarus

★ ''Ruś Czarna'' — Black Ruthenia, part of modern Belarus

★ ''Ruś Czerwona'' — Red Ruthenia, small strip in Poland (Przemysl), and the West part of Ukraine (Galicia). Poland called the area the Ruthenian Voivodeship.

★ ''Ruś Podkarpacka'' — Carpathian Ruthenia

Modern age

Belarusians

The Belarusians often called themselves "Litvins" because they lived in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the name "Ruthenians" was not always applied to them.
A notable exception occurred shortly after World War II, in relation to Belarusians from the Kresy region of pre-WWII Poland who found themselves in displaced persons camps in the Western occupation zones of the post-war Germany. At that time the notion of a Belarusian nation met with little recognition in the West. Therefore, to avoid confusion with the term "Russian" and hence "repatriation" to the Soviet Union (which finalised the annexation of Kresy after the war), the terms ''White Ruthenian'', ''Whiteruthenian'', and ''Krivian'' were used. The last of these terms derives from the name of an old Eastern Slavic tribe called the Krivichs, who used to inhabit the territory of Belarus.

Ukrainians

The name "Ruthenia" survived a bit longer as a name for Ukraine. When the Austrian monarchy made Galicia a province in 1772, Habsburg officials realized that the local East Slavic people were distinct from both Poles and Russians. Their own name for themselves, ''Rusyny'', sounded like the German word for Russians, ''Russen''. So the Austrians adopted the designation ''Ruthenen'' (Ruthenians), and continued to use it officially until the empire fell apart in 1918.
From 1840 on, nationalists encouraged people to give up the name "Little Rus" for Ukrayina. In the 1880s and 1900s, due to the spread of the name "Ukraine" as a substitute for "Ruthenia" among the Ruthenian/Ukrainian population of the Russian Empire, the name, "Ruthenian" was often restricted to mean western Ukraine, an area then part of the Austro-Hungarian state.
By the early 20th century, the name "Ukraine" had replaced "Ruthenia" in Galicia/Halychyna.

Rusyns

The English term ''Rusyn'' is now used for the nationality and language of the descended from the minority of Ruthenians who did not adopt a Ukrainian national identity.
After 1918, the name "Ruthenia" became narrowed to the area south of the Carpathian mountains in the Kingdom of Hungary, named Carpathian Ruthenia (It incorporated the cities of Mukachevo, Uzhhorod and Prešov) and populated by Carpatho-Ruthenians), a group of East Slavic highlanders. At this time, Galician Ruthenians almost all considered themselves to be Ukrainians, so the Carpatho-Ruthenians were the last East Slavic people that kept the ancient historic name (''Ruthen'' is a Latin deformation of the Slavic ''rusyn'').
Carpatho-Ruthenia has been part of the Hungarian kingdom since the late 11th century, where it was known as ''Kárpátalja''. In 1918, was incorporated into Czechoslovakia, with a status of autonomy. After this date, Ruthenian people have been divided among three orientations. First, there were Russophiles, who thought that Ruthenians were part of the Russian nation; second, there were Ukrainophiles, who like their Galician counterparts on the other side of the Carpathian mountains, thought that Ruthenians were part of the Ukrainian nation; and, lastly, there were Ruthenophiles, who said that Carpatho-Ruthenians are a separate nation, and who wanted to develop its own Rusyn language and culture. In 1939, the Ukrainophile president of Carpatho-Ruthenia, Avhustyn Voloshyn, declared its independence as Carpatho-Ukraine. On 15 March 1939, Hungarian Army regular troops again crossed into Czechoslovakia, now the state of Carpatho-Ukraine. The Hungarian occupation regime was pro-Ruthenophile. In 1944, the Soviet Army occupied Carpatho-Ruthenia, and in 1946, annexed it to the Ukrainian SSR. Officially, there were no Rusyns in the USSR. In fact, Soviet and some modern Ukrainian politicians, as well as Ukrainian government claim that Rusyns are part of the Ukrainian nation. Nowadays the majority of the population in the Zakarpattya oblast of Ukraine consider themselves Ukrainians, however, a small Rusyn minority is still present.
A Rusyn minority also remained after World War II in northeastern Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). The people of the region rapidly became Slovakicised, because their language is closely related to the Slovak language and because most of them refused to identify themselves as Ukrainians, as the Communist government, after 1953, wished them to do [1].
The name "Ruthenia" became largely identical with Carpathian Ruthenia, that is mostly the westernmost region of present-day Ukraine. It was sometimes referred to as Carpatho-Russia before the fall of the Soviet Union.

Cognate word

The element ruthenium was isolated in 1844 from platinum ore found in the Ural mountains.

External links

★ Why is the "Russia" White? - a book review of Ales Biely's ''Chronicle of Ruthenia Alba''

★ Ruthenians in Catholic Encyclopedia

References

★ Norman Davies, ''. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-06-097468-0