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The '''Real Academia Española''' (Spanish for "Royal Spanish Academy"; 'RAE') is the institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, Spain, but is affiliated with national language academies in 21 Spanish-speaking nations through the Association of Spanish Language Academies. Its emblem is a fiery crucible, and its motto is ''Limpia, fija y da esplendor'' ("It cleans, sets, and gives splendor"). Modelled after the Italian Accademia della Crusca (1582) and the French Académie française (1635), its purpose was "to fix the voices and vocabularies of the Castilian language with propriety, elegance, and purity".

Contents

History

Criticisms of the Academy

Academicians (académicos de número)

Current members of the Academy

Notable past academicians

See also

External links

History

The RAE was founded in 1713 by Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco, marquis of Villena and duke of Escalona. One description of its aim is "to assure that Spanish speakers will always be able to read Cervantes", but it also exercises a progressive influence in keeping the formal language up-to-date: one such step was its 1994 ruling that the Spanish consonants 'ch' and 'll' would be alphabetized with 'c' and 'l', respectively, and not as separate letters as in the past. Other steps include eliminating accents on words of one syllable that do not serve to change the meaning of the word. Examples include: dio, vio (which both had an accent on the o). One example of a one-syllable word which maintains the accent is ''sé'' ('I know', first person singular present of ''saber'', to know, or singular imperative of ''ser'', to be) in order to differentiate it from ''se'' which is used as a reflexive pronoun. The Academy also watches small details, such as adding an accent in 1959 to the orthography of conjugations of ''reunir'' (to reunite, to gather (together)) to ensure that the ''eu'' was not taken as a diphthong.
The RAE is a major publisher of dictionaries and grammars and has a formal procedure for admitting words to its publications. Its website includes an online dictionary and many other resources, all in Spanish. Its most widely-recognized publication is the ''Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española''.

Criticisms of the Academy

The Academy has received criticism, particularly in the Americas, for being excessively conservative, elitist, and slow to change; excessively focused on usages found in the Madrid region and dismissive of variants found in other parts of Spain, let alone other countries; and slow in revising its authoritative Diccionario de la Lengua Española. The dictionary has also been the target of criticisms for its partial definitions and somewhat limited coverage. Supporters respond saying that RAE's purpose is not to register local or ephemeral uses of Spanish but to try to protect a united Spanish language and to prevent national variants from becoming incomprehensible to other Hispanics, a task in which RAE seems to be enjoying a degree of success.
Even most of the Academy's fiercest critics acknowledge that recent versions of the dictionary (the 20th and subsequent editions) have shown distinct improvements in this regard. One innovation that was particularly welcomed was its release in a paperback format in 1992. After partnerships with companies like Telefónica, IBM and Microsoft, the RAE is in the process of updating and adapting to the new information-technology era and now offers a free online version of its dictionary, which can be consulted at buscon.rae.es/diccionario/drae.htm.
It is also collecting historical corpora of Spanish texts. There has been criticism that, in spite of public funding, the results of RAE research are not provided under free licences.
Another criticism is the heavy statistical imbalance among male and female academicians. But this too has been improving since the death of Francisco Franco.

Academicians (académicos de número)

Main articles: List of members of the Real Academia Española

Members of the Academy are ''académicos de número'', chosen from among prestigious persons in the sciences and the arts, including several Spanish-language authors. Also known as the 'Inmortales' (possibly as the Spanish translation of their counterparts at the Académie française), they are elected for life by the rest of the academicians. Each academician has a seat labelled with a letter of the Spanish alphabet; upper and lower case letters are separate seats.

Current members of the Academy

As of 2006, sorted by date of induction:

★ '(H)' Martín de Riquer Morera, Count of Casa Dávalos (1965)

★ '(g)' Antonio Colino López (1972)

★ '(e)' Miguel Delibes Setién (1975)

★ '(M)' Carlos Bousoño Prieto (1980)

★ '(A)' Manuel Seco Reymundo (1980)

★ '(Z)' Francisco Ayala y García-Duarte (1984)

★ '(n)' Valentín García Yebra (1985)

★ '(O)' Pere Gimferrer Torrens (1985)

★ '(q)' Gregorio Salvador Caja (1987)

★ '(p)' Francisco Rico Manrique (1987)

★ '(r)' Antonio Mingote Barrachina (1988)

★ '(s)' José Luis Pinillos Díaz (1988)

★ '(J)' Francisco Morales Nieva (1990)

★ '(d)' Francisco Rodríguez Adrados (1991)

★ '(F)' José Luis Sampedro Sáez (1991)

★ '(c)' Víctor García de la Concha (1992)

★ '(U)' Eduardo García de Enterría y Martínez-Carande (1994)

★ '(l)' Emilio Lledó Íñigo (1994)

★ '(C)' Luis Goytisolo Gay (1995)

★ '(L)' Mario Vargas Llosa (1996)

★ '(b)' Eliseo Álvarez-Arenas Pacheco (1996)

★ '(u)' Antonio Muñoz Molina (1996)

★ '(P)' Ángel González Muñiz (1997)

★ '(V)' Juan Luis Cebrián (1997)

★ '(t)' Ignacio Bosque Muñoz (1997)

★ '(K)' Ana María Matute (1998)

★ '(ñ)' Luis María Anson Oliart (1998)

★ '(B)' Fernando Fernán Gómez (2000)

★ '(I)' Luis Mateo Díez (2001)

★ '(N)' Guillermo Rojo (2001)

★ '(k)' José Antonio Pascual (2002)

★ '(E)' Carmen Iglesias (2002)

★ '(m)' Claudio Guillén (2003)

★ '(f)' Luis Ángel Rojo (2003)

★ '(i)' Margarita Salas Falgueras (2003)

★ '(T)' Arturo Pérez-Reverte (2003)

★ '(G)' José Manuel Sánchez Ron (2003)

★ '(Q)' Carlos Castilla del Pino (2004)

★ '(j)' Álvaro Pombo y García de los Ríos (2004)

★ '(o)' Antonio Fernández Alba (2006)

★ '(X)' Francisco Brines (2006)

★ '(h)' José Manuel Blecua (2006)

★ '(a)' Pedro García Barreno (2006)

Notable past academicians

''Not an exhaustive list''

★ Dámaso Alonso

★ Camilo José Cela

★ Leandro Fernández de Moratín

★ Fernando Lázaro Carreter

★ Julián Marías

★ Benito Pérez Galdós

★ Elena Quiroga

★ Gonzalo Torrente Ballester

See also

★ List of language regulators

External links

★ RAE web site

★ RAE word list and word meanings

★ A complaint on the coverage of zoology in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española