(Redirected from Roman bath)
Roman public baths in
Bath, England. The entire structure above the level of the pillar bases is a later reconstruction.
:''This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing. For the activity in general, see
Ancient Roman bathing.''
The terms '''balnea''' or '''thermae''' were the words the
ancient Romans used for the buildings housing their
public baths.
Most Roman cities had at least one, if not many, such buildings, which were centres of public bathing and socialisation.
Roman bath-houses were also provided for private
villas,
town houses and
forts — these were also called thermae.
Etymology
The word ''thermae'' is a
Latin borrowing from the
Greek adjective ''thermos'', ''therme'', ''thermon'' (hot).
cf. Thermopylae (the hot gates, gates of fire) thermae sc. aquae means "hot waters, hot springs".
Building layout
Within the building there were three rooms (or three within each wing - one for each gender - after Hadrian's decree of separation in bathing):
★ the ''
caldarium'' (L. cal(i)dus, -a,-um "hot"
cf. calor orig, calos, caloris m)
★ the ''
tepidarium'' (L. tepidus,-a,-um "lukewarm" cf. L. tepeo)
★ the ''
frigidarium'' (Latin frigidus,-a,-um "cold")
★ sometimes there were also steam baths: the ''
sudatorium'' — a moist steam bath, and the ''laconicum'' — a dry steam bath much like a modern day sauna.
Purpose
The baths often included, aside from the three main rooms listed above, a ''
palaestra'', or outdoor gymnasium where men would engage in various ball games and exercises. There, among other things, weights were lifted and the discus thrown. Men would oil themselves (as
soap was still a luxury good and thus not widely available),
shower, and remove the excess with a
strigil (cf. the well known
Apoxyomenus of
Lysippus from the
Vatican Museum). Often wealthy bathers would bring a ''capsarius'', a slave that carried his master's towels, oils, and strigils to the baths and then watched over them once in the baths, as thieves and pickpockets were known to frequent the baths.
The changing room was known as the ''
apodyterium'' (Greek ''apodyterion'', apo + duo "to take off" here of clothing).
Cultural significance
The baths were an important place in the lives of Romans. Built as public monuments, they were used by everyone, whether rich or poor, free or slave. A person could eat, exercise, read, drink, shop, socialize, and discuss politics. The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, art gallery, mall, bar/restaurant, gym, and spa.
[1]
When asked by a foreigner why he bathed once a day, a Roman emperor is said to have replied "Because I do not have the time to bathe twice a day."
[2]
Emperors often built baths to gain favor for themselves and to create a lasting monument of their generosity. If a rich Roman wished to gain the favor of the people, he might arrange for a free admission day in his name. For example, a senator hoping to become a
Tribune might pay all admission fees at a particular bath on his birthday to become well known to the people of the area.
Location
Baths sprung up all over the empire. Where natural
hot springs existed (as in
Bath, England, and
Băile Herculane) ''thermae'' were built around them. Alternatively a system of ''
hypocausta'' (Greek hypocauston < hypo "below" + kaio "to burn") were utilized to heat the waters heated by a furnace (''praefurnium'')
Remains of Roman public baths
Algeria
★
Timgad
★
Guelma (ancient Calama)
★
Héliopolis
★
Hammam Meskoutine (ancient Aquae Tibilitanae)
★
Hammam Righa (ancient Aquae Calidae)
Bulgaria
★
Kyustendil (ancient Pautalia)
★
Varna (ancient Odessus)
United Kingdom
★
Bath -
Roman Baths
★
Exeter,
Devon
★
Leicester -
Jewry Wall
★
Tripontium, near today's
Rugby, Warwickshire
★
Vindolanda,
Little Chesters, near
Hadrian's Wall
★
Welwyn, in
Hertfordshire
France
★
Arles -
Thermes de Constantin
★
Glanum, near today's
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
★
Paris -
Thermes de Cluny
Germany
★
Baden-Baden,
Baden-Württemberg
★
Trier
★
Weißenburg
Hungary
★
Aquincum
Italy
★
Benevento,
Campania
★
Capua, Campania
★
Cefalù,
Sicily
★
Ischia,
Campania
★
Rome
★
★
Baths of Agrippa
★
★
Baths of Caracalla
★
★
Baths of Constantine
★
★
Baths of Diocletian
★
★
Baths of Titus
★
★
Baths of Trajan
Romania
★
Băile Herculane
Spain
★
Lucus Augusti, Lugo
The Netherlands
★
Heerlen
Military bathhouses
UK
★
Bearsden, Greater
Glasgow area,
Scotland
★
Prestatyn,
Wales
Villa bathhouses
UK
★
Chedworth
★
Fishbourne Roman Palace
See also
★
Roman culture
★
Roman architecture
★
Spa town
★
Hygiene
References
★
Mass Bathing: The Roman BaInea and Thermae
External links
★
ThermeMuseum (Museum of the Thermae) in Heerlen
★
Traianus - Technical investigation of Roman public works
العربية
ä¸å›½
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिनà¥à¤¦à¥€
Italiano
日本語
Português
РуÑÑкий
Español
