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'Robben Island' (Afrikaans ''Robben Eiland'') is an island in Table Bay, 12 km off the coast from Cape Town, South Africa and is located at . The name is Dutch for "seal island" (or to be strictly accurate, "island of seals", because Robben is plural). [Incidentally, "Seal Island" is a ''different'' island in nearby False Bay.] Robben Island is roughly oval and about a kilometer wide. It is flat and only a few metres above sealevel, as a result of an ancient erosion event. The island is composed of Precambrian metamorphic rocks belonging to the Malmesbury Group.

Contents

History

Maritime peril

The island today

Robben Island Lighthouse

The Moturu Kramat

Animal life

The penguin colony

List of former prisoners held at Robben Island

External links

History

Robben Island was first inhabited thousands of years ago by stone age people, at a time when sea levels were considerably lower than they are today and people could walk to it. It was then a flat-topped hill. Towards the end of the last Ice Age the melting of the ancient ice caps caused sealevels to rise and the land around the island was flooded by the ocean.
Since the end of the 17th century, Robben Island has been used to isolate certain people — mainly prisoners — and amongst its first permanent inhabitants were political leaders from various Dutch colonies, including Indonesia.
From 1836 to 1931 the island was used as a leper colony.
During the Second World War, the island was fortified and guns were installed as part of the defences for Cape Town.
Robben Island became a maximum security prison in 1959. Between 1961 and 1991, over three thousand men were incarcerated here as political prisoners.
During the time that the island was a prison, security was very tight and it was off limits to almost all civilians, including fishermen. Before about 1980 there was not one citizen in 10,000 in Cape Town who had set foot on the island. It is not generally known that the use of the island as a prison was greatly inhibited for centuries by a lack of fresh water. The island is arid, with low scrubby vegetation and has no watercourses. Boreholes were drilled in the first half of the 20th century but in due course the fragile water table was invaded by sea water and the bores became useless. Sometime after 1965 a pipeline was laid on the bottom of the ocean from Cape Town.
F.W. de Klerk initiated the removal of political prisoners in June of 1990, with the last gone by May of the following year. The last of the non-political prisoners (who had always been held separately from political prisoners) left the island in 1996, and it became a museum in 1997.

Maritime peril

Robben Island has been the nemesis of many a ship and its crew. The surf of the open Atlantic Ocean thunders continuously at its margins and any vessel wrecked on the reefs offshore is soon beaten to pieces and disappears. In the latter half of the 1600s a Dutch ship laden with gold coins earmarked for the payment of the salaries of employees of the Dutch East India Company in Batavia (now Indonesia) disintegrated on these reefs a short distance off shore, in relatively shallow but very restless waters. The gold today would be worth tens of millions of pounds sterling or U.S. dollars. A few coins have washed ashore over the centuries but the treasure itself remains in the ocean. It is protected largely by the almost ceaseless and violent surf.
Many other vessels have been wrecked around the isle.

The island today

All the land on the island is owned by the State, with the exception of the island church.
Today the island is a popular tourist destination and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999. It is reached by ferry from the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town and is open throughout the year, weather permitting, and tours of the island and prison are led by guides who were formerly prisoners there. 'Robben Island Museum' (RIM) operates as a site or living museum.

Robben Island Lighthouse

Jan van Riebeeck first set a navigation aid atop Fire Hill (now Minto Hill), the highest point on the island, where the lighthouse stands today. Hugh bonfires were lit at night to warn VOC ships of the rocks which surround the island. The current Robben Island lighthouse, built in 1863, is 18 metres high and was converted to electricity in 1938. It is the only South African lighthouse to utilise a flashing light instead of a revolving light. Its light can be seen from 25 kilometres away.

The Moturu Kramat

The Moturu Kramat, a sacred site for Muslim pilgrimage on Robben Island, was built in 1969 to commemorate Sayed Adurohman Moturu, the Prince of Madura. Moturu, one of Cape Town's first 'imans', was exiled to the island in the mid 1740s and died there in 1754. Muslim political prisoners would pay homage at the shrine before leaving the island.

Animal life

When the Dutch arrived in the area about 400 years ago, the only large animals on the island were seals and birds. In about 1960, or a little before, the warden of the island introduced a few antelope that were native to the coastal dunes nearby and also a few giant tortoises, which were not. The tortoises probably originated in the Galapagos Islands or the Seychelles and came from the zoo on the slopes of Devil's Peak in Cape Town, where they have lived in captivity for at least 150 years. It is not clear whether these animals still exist on the island.

The penguin colony

The penguin colony is a popular attraction.

List of former prisoners held at Robben Island

★ Ahmed Kathrada, former Rivonia Trialist and long-serving prisoner

★ Autshumato, one of the first freedom fighters against colonialism

★ Dennis Brutus, former activist and poet

★ Laloo Chiba, former accused at Little Rivonia Trial

★ Amos Masondo, current Mayor of Johannesburg

★ Chief Maqoma, former chief who died on the island in 1873

★ Langalibalele, one of the first freedom fighters against colonialism

★ Makana, one of the first freedom fighters against colonialism

★ Mosiuoa Lekota, imprisoned in 1974, current Minister of Defence

★ Nelson Mandela, African National Congress leader and former President of South Africa

★ Jeff Masemola, the first prisoner sentenced to life imprisonment in the apartheid era

★ Mac Maharaj, former accused at Little Rivonia Trial

★ Murphy Morobe, Soweto Uprising student leader

★ Nongqawuse, the Xhosa prophet responsible for the Cattle Killing

★ Maqana Nxele, former Xhosa prophet who drowned while trying to escape

★ Govan Mbeki, father of the current President of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki

★ Wilton Mkwayi, former accused at Little Rivonia Trial

★ Sayed Adurohman Moturu, the Muslim Iman who was exiled on the island and died there in 1754

★ Joe Seremane, current chairperson of the Democratic Alliance.

★ Robert Sobukwe, former leader of the PAC

★ John Nyathi Pokela, co-founder and former chairman of the PAC

★ Tokyo Sexwale, businessman and aspirant leader of the African National Congress

★ Walter Sisulu, former ANC struggle hero

★ Jacob Zuma, former Deputy President of South Africa and aspirant leader of the ANC

External links

★ Time line

★ UWC Mayibuye Robben Island Archives

★ Robben Island Museum

★ Google satellite map of the island

★ Chief Maqoma imprisoned on island

★ Nxele drowned while escaping from the island

★ The Robben Island of Johannesburg, Constitution Hill