RELIGIOUS SEGREGATION
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'Religious segregation' involves the separation of people on the basis of religion.
Religious segregation runs deep in the country’s society mainly since the 90’s Yugoslav Wars in general and Bosnian War in particular.
From education to sports, from municipalities[1] to cantons and entities, from language policy to regional flags and coat of arms, the strict and sometimes unpeaceful separation between Muslim Bosniaks, Orthodox Serbs and Roman Catholic Croats is present in most of BiH’s territory.
Jonathan Steele of ''The Guardian'' has argued that Bosnia and Herzegovina is "a dependent, stifled, apartheid regime". In his view, the U.N. control of Bosnia under the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, which he described as "UN-sanctioned liberal imperialism", creates "dependency, stifles civil society, and produces a highly visible financial apartheid in which an international salariat lords it over a war-wounded and jobless local population." [2]
Religious segregation occurs in the Muslim world, where some nations deny non-Muslims, including Jews and Christians, some of the civil rights and voting privileges they grant to Muslims. Many Muslim countries consign non-Muslim monotheists to the status of dhimmis, both officially and by custom. Saudi Arabia in particular is notorious for very stringent religious laws banning the practice of non-Muslim religions, even prescribing imprisonment and the death penalty for attempting to convert Muslims to other religions.
The following links are to articles about discrimination against non-Muslims in
★ Afghanistan,
★ Iran,
★ Malaysia,
★ Mauritania,
★ Pakistan,
★ Saudi Arabia,
★ Sudan.
Main articles: Segregation in Northern Ireland
Many Irish nationalists and republicans have described Northern Ireland as being a gerrymandered or even apartheid state, on the grounds that it was created to ensure a built-in Protestant majority, resulting in discrimination against Catholics in government, education, housing and employment. One legacy of this has been that most state schools in Northern Ireland are predominantly Protestant while the majority of Catholic children attend schools maintained by the Catholic Church, although there are now also a number of integrated schools. This has often exacerbated religious, political and cultural differences between the two communities.
Between 1921 and 1972, Northern Ireland was governed by the Parliament of Northern Ireland, which was Protestant-dominated, while at local government level, electoral boundaries were devised to create Protestant majorities. The outbreak of the Troubles led to the imposition of direct rule by the British government, which has since sought to introduce power sharing between unionists and nationalists.
Between (roughly) 1917 and 1966 Dutch society and politics were characterized by pillarization: a system of ''self-imposed'' religious segregation between Catholics, Reformed and atheists and liberal protestants. These three groups each had their own schools, political parties, labour unions, employers' associations and other forms of social infrastructure. Each religious group lived in its own separated "pillar". On the national level the elites cooperated in a consociational political system. This social and political system was based on a particular interpretation of the separation of church and state formulated by Abraham Kuyper called sphere sovereignty. According to Arend Lijphart it was this system of pillarization and elite cooperation which resulted in the strong democratic tradition in the Netherlands, a country characterized by religious cleavages.
Today, the importance of religion in the Netherlands has waned, but still some of these pillarized institutes remain: religious schools for instance still receive government finance and educate about half of the Dutch pupils. Some multiculturalist politicians, mainly members of the social-democratic PvdA, the christian-democratic CDA and the GreenLeft, have proposed that the growing Islamic minority would be allowed to form its own pillar, other politicians, like Pim Fortuyn and Ayaan Hirsi Ali have opposed such a system, because it would trap muslims in a restrictive community.
★ Blood money laws
★ DevÅŸirme system
★ Dhimmi laws
★ Ghetto
★ Jim Crow laws
★ Jizyah tax
★ Judenhut
★ Mellah
★ Ottoman Millet system
★ Minority religion
★ Nuremberg laws
★ Racial segregation
★ Second-class citizen
★ Yellow badge
★ Links to articles on apartheid in the Arab Muslim world
★ Dhimmi.Com: Victims of Muslim Religious Apartheid
★ religious apartheid in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
★ Allegations of apartheid
★ Directory of the Saudi Institute gives testimony to US House of Representatives on religious apartheid in Saudi Arabia
1. A Tale of Two Cities: The Struggle to Return Continues in Bosnia, Peter Lippman, ''Washington Report on Middle East Affairs'', January/February 2007, pages 38-39
2. Steele, Jonathan. Today's Bosnia: a dependent, stifled, apartheid regime. ''The Guardian'', November 11, 2005.
| Contents |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Muslim world |
| Northern Ireland |
| The Netherlands |
| See also |
| External links |
| References |
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Religious segregation runs deep in the country’s society mainly since the 90’s Yugoslav Wars in general and Bosnian War in particular.
From education to sports, from municipalities[1] to cantons and entities, from language policy to regional flags and coat of arms, the strict and sometimes unpeaceful separation between Muslim Bosniaks, Orthodox Serbs and Roman Catholic Croats is present in most of BiH’s territory.
Jonathan Steele of ''The Guardian'' has argued that Bosnia and Herzegovina is "a dependent, stifled, apartheid regime". In his view, the U.N. control of Bosnia under the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, which he described as "UN-sanctioned liberal imperialism", creates "dependency, stifles civil society, and produces a highly visible financial apartheid in which an international salariat lords it over a war-wounded and jobless local population." [2]
Muslim world
Religious segregation occurs in the Muslim world, where some nations deny non-Muslims, including Jews and Christians, some of the civil rights and voting privileges they grant to Muslims. Many Muslim countries consign non-Muslim monotheists to the status of dhimmis, both officially and by custom. Saudi Arabia in particular is notorious for very stringent religious laws banning the practice of non-Muslim religions, even prescribing imprisonment and the death penalty for attempting to convert Muslims to other religions.
The following links are to articles about discrimination against non-Muslims in
★ Afghanistan,
★ Iran,
★ Malaysia,
★ Mauritania,
★ Pakistan,
★ Saudi Arabia,
★ Sudan.
Northern Ireland
Main articles: Segregation in Northern Ireland
Many Irish nationalists and republicans have described Northern Ireland as being a gerrymandered or even apartheid state, on the grounds that it was created to ensure a built-in Protestant majority, resulting in discrimination against Catholics in government, education, housing and employment. One legacy of this has been that most state schools in Northern Ireland are predominantly Protestant while the majority of Catholic children attend schools maintained by the Catholic Church, although there are now also a number of integrated schools. This has often exacerbated religious, political and cultural differences between the two communities.
Between 1921 and 1972, Northern Ireland was governed by the Parliament of Northern Ireland, which was Protestant-dominated, while at local government level, electoral boundaries were devised to create Protestant majorities. The outbreak of the Troubles led to the imposition of direct rule by the British government, which has since sought to introduce power sharing between unionists and nationalists.
The Netherlands
Between (roughly) 1917 and 1966 Dutch society and politics were characterized by pillarization: a system of ''self-imposed'' religious segregation between Catholics, Reformed and atheists and liberal protestants. These three groups each had their own schools, political parties, labour unions, employers' associations and other forms of social infrastructure. Each religious group lived in its own separated "pillar". On the national level the elites cooperated in a consociational political system. This social and political system was based on a particular interpretation of the separation of church and state formulated by Abraham Kuyper called sphere sovereignty. According to Arend Lijphart it was this system of pillarization and elite cooperation which resulted in the strong democratic tradition in the Netherlands, a country characterized by religious cleavages.
Today, the importance of religion in the Netherlands has waned, but still some of these pillarized institutes remain: religious schools for instance still receive government finance and educate about half of the Dutch pupils. Some multiculturalist politicians, mainly members of the social-democratic PvdA, the christian-democratic CDA and the GreenLeft, have proposed that the growing Islamic minority would be allowed to form its own pillar, other politicians, like Pim Fortuyn and Ayaan Hirsi Ali have opposed such a system, because it would trap muslims in a restrictive community.
See also
★ Blood money laws
★ DevÅŸirme system
★ Dhimmi laws
★ Ghetto
★ Jim Crow laws
★ Jizyah tax
★ Judenhut
★ Mellah
★ Ottoman Millet system
★ Minority religion
★ Nuremberg laws
★ Racial segregation
★ Second-class citizen
★ Yellow badge
External links
★ Links to articles on apartheid in the Arab Muslim world
★ Dhimmi.Com: Victims of Muslim Religious Apartheid
★ religious apartheid in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
★ Allegations of apartheid
★ Directory of the Saudi Institute gives testimony to US House of Representatives on religious apartheid in Saudi Arabia
References
1. A Tale of Two Cities: The Struggle to Return Continues in Bosnia, Peter Lippman, ''Washington Report on Middle East Affairs'', January/February 2007, pages 38-39
2. Steele, Jonathan. Today's Bosnia: a dependent, stifled, apartheid regime. ''The Guardian'', November 11, 2005.
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