A 'Regent', from the
Latin ''regens'' "who reigns" , is a person selected to act as
Head of state (ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present or debilitated. Thus, the common use is for an acting deputy governor. The ''
Oxford English Dictionary'' defines the term as "A person appointed to administer a State because the Monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated."
In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons, but may also be elected to rule during the
interregnum when the royal line has died out. This was the case in
Finland and
Hungary, where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of
World War I. In
Iceland, the regent represented the King of
Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in
1944.
In the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (
1569–
1795), kings were
elective, which often led to a fairly long
interregnum. In the interim, it was the Polish
Roman Catholic Primate who served as the regent, termed the "
interrex" (
Latin: ruler "between kings," as in ancient Rome).
Currently there are only two ruling Regencies in the world, sovereign
Liechtenstein and the Malaysian constitutive state of
Terengganu (see below).
Regents in various current Monarchies
It should be noted that those who held a regency briefly, for example during
surgery, are not necessarily listed, particularly if they performed no official acts; this list is also not complete, presumably not even for all monarchies included. The list includes some figures who acted as regent, even if they did not themselves hold the title of regent.
Belgium
★ Baron
Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier, Regent of
Belgium in
1831
★
Prince Charles of Belgium,
Prince Regent of Belgium from
1944 to
1950
Japan
★
Regent Empress Dowager Jingū for her son, the future
Emperor Ōjin
★
Prince Regent Shōtoku for his aunt,
Empress Suiko
★
Fujiwara Regents as
Sesshō or Kampaku
★
Prince Regent Hirohito (the future Emperor Showa) for his father,
Emperor Taishō
Jordan
★ Prince
Nayeff bin Abdullah from the 20th July to 5th September 1951, due to the schizophrenia of King
Talal, who was in a Swiss mental hospital.
★
★ A regency council (Ibrahim Hashim, Suleiman Toukan, Abdul Rahman Rusheidat and chairing Queen-mother
Zein al-Sharaf) took over after the king's forced abdication and remained in office from 4 June 1952 to 2 May 1953, until the heir King
Hussein came of age.
★ Crown Prince
Hassan, from 4th July 1998 to 19th January 1999 while his brother King
Hussein was undergoing cancer treatments.
Liechtenstein
★
Hereditary Prince Alois has been Regent since
August 15,
2004.
Luxembourg
★
Duke Adolph of Nassau was Regent from
April 8 1889 to
May 3 1889 and from
November 4 1890 to
November 23 1890, during the terminal illness of
Grand Duke William III.
★
Grand Duchess Marie Anne was Regent to her husband,
Grand Duke William IV, during his terminal illness from
November 19 1908 to
February 25 1912, and then Regent to her daughter,
Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde, during her minority from
February 25 1912 to
June 18 1912.
Malaysia and its constitutive monarchies
Terengganu
★
Tengku Muhammad Ismail (eight-years of age) co-reigns with the three-members Regency Advisory Council (''Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja''). His father,
Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin the Sultan of
Terengganu elected as 13
th King of Malaysia. Malaysian constitution does not allow a simultaneous reigns as both the King of Malaysia and as Monarch of the King's native state (deemed absent on the State throne). Sultan Mizan crowned as King on
13 December 2006 and the prince as the Regent (''Pemangku Raja'') of Terengganu effective on the same date.
Monaco
★
Prince Albert was Regent from
March 31,
2005 to
April 6,
2005, when he succeeded his father as
Albert II of Monaco
Netherlands
★
Queen Emma (1890–1898), during the minority of her daughter
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
Norway
★ King
Magnus Eriksson (1343-1355) after stepping down from the throne in favour of his son
Haakon Magnusson
★
Crown Prince Haakon was Regent from
November 25,
2003 to
April 12,
2004 and again on
March 29 to
June 7,
2005 during the illness of his father
King Harald V
Oman
★ for the minor
Hami Sa`id (II) ibn Sultan (b. 1790 - succceded 20 November 1804 - d. 19 Oct 1856) : 20 November 1804 - 31 July 1806
Badr ibn Sayf (d. 1806)
★ for
Sultan Turki ibn Sa`id (b. 1832 - succeeded 30 January 1871 - died 4 Jun 1888) : August - December 1875
Abdul-Aziz ibn Said - (b. 1850 - d. 1907)
Qatar
★ H.E. Shaikh
'Abdu'llah bin Jasim Al-Thani was proclaimed as regent when his father Sheikh
Qasim ibn Muhammad Al Thani became incapacitated, 13th May 1913; succeeded on his death, 17th July 1913
Saudi Arabia
★ 30 March 1964 - 2 November 1964
Faysal of Saudi Arabia (b. 1906 - d. 1975) -Regent for king
Sa`ud of Saudi Arabia and later his successor
★ 1 January 1996 - 21 February 1996 formally and
de facto till 1 August 2005
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia (b. 1924) -Regent for king
Fahd of Saudi Arabia and later his successor
Spain
★
Cardinal Cisneros, twice regent of Spain in the late 15th and early 16th century for
Charles I of Spain.
★
Mariana of Austria, regent of Spain for her disabled son
Charles II from
1665 to
1677 and again from
1679 to
1696.
★
Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies during the minority of her daughter
Isabella II from
1833 to
1840.
★
Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara during the minority of
Isabella II from
1840 to
1843.
★
Maria Christina of Austria, regent for the
infantes
Maria de Las Mercedes and then
Alfonso XIII of Spain from
25 November1885 -
7 May1902.
★ the
Caudillo general
Francisco Franco, became
de facto regent in
1947 to
1975, after reinstating the monarchy with a vacant royal throne ultimately filled by
Juan Carlos.
Sweden
★
Karl Knutsson (Bonde) (1438–1440), during the interrgnum following the deposition of king
Eric XIII; later became king as Charles VIII
★
Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1457), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King
Charles VIII, and again (1465–1466), following his second deposition.
★
Kettil Karlsson Vasa (1464), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King
Christian I; and again (1465), following the second deposition of
Charles VIII
★
Erik Axelsson Tott (1466–1467), following the end of Jöns Oxenstierna's second regency.
★
Sten Sture the Elder (1470–1497, 1501-1503) the longest serving regent during the
Kalmar Union
★
Svante Nilsson (1503–1512), succeeding Sten Sture the Elder
★
Erik Trolle
★
Sten Sture the Younger (1512–1520), succeeding Svante Sture
★
Gustav Eriksson Vasa was firstly Regent (1521–1523) after the final dissolution of Kalmar Union, but soon was proclaimed King
★ Duke
Charles of Södermanland (1599–1604) after ousting his Catholic nephew King
Sigismund, until he himself claimed the throne.
★
Axel Oxenstierna (1632–1644), during the minority of Queen
Christina
★ Dowager Queen
Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (1660–1672), during the minority of her son King
Charles XI, and again (1697–1699), during the minority of her grandson King
Charles XII
★
Charles, Duke of Södermanland (1792–1796) for his underage nephew
Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, and again (1809) after Gustav IV Adolf was deposed and before Charles himself was proclaimed King Charles XIII
★ Crown Prince
Charles John (1810–1818), for his adoptive father King
Charles XIII, due to Charles XIII's incapacity
Thailand (Siam)
★ for the minor
Chulalongkorn (Rama V) (18 October 1868 - 23 October 1910) : 18 October 1868 - 16 November 1873
Chao Praya Siri Suriyawongse (d. 1882)
★ for
Prajadhipok (Rama VII) (26 November 1925 - 2 March 1935; in self-imposed exile from 12 Jan 1934) : 12 January 1934 - 2 March 1935 Prince
Naritsaranuwatiwong Chitchalerm
★ for
Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) (2 March 1935 - 9 June 1946; in Switzerland to 5 December 1945) :
★
★ 2 March 1935 - 12 August 1935 Prince
Oscar Anuvatana (president of Council of Regency)
★
★ 12 August 1935 - 1944 Prince
Aditya Dibabha (president of Council of Regency)
★
★ 1944 - 9 June 1946
Pridi Banomyong -Regent
★ for present king
Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) (9 June 1946 - ) :
★
★ 16 Jun 1946 - 1946 Prince
Rangsit, Prince of Jainart -Regent (from 1947, president of
Supreme Council of State)
★
★ 1946 - 5 May 1950 Prince
Dhanivat Bidyalabh Bridhyakon "Prince Dhani" -Regent (president of Supreme Council of State)
★
★ 22 October 1956 - 7 December 1956 Queen
Sirikit -Regent
United Kingdom and its constitutive realms
★
George IV (1811–1820),
Prince Regent during the incapacity of his father,
George III.
England
★
William Longchamp (intermittently 1189–1199), during the absences of
Richard I on crusade, in prison, and in France.
★
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1216–1219) and then
Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent (1219–1227), during the minority of King
Henry III
★ A regency council headed by
Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (1327-1330) during the minority of
Edward III
★
John, Duke of Bedford (1422–1435) and
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1422–1437), during the minority of their nephew,
Henry VI
★
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (1454–1455; 1455–1456), during the incapacity of his cousin, Henry VI
★
Richard, Duke of Gloucester (1483), during the minority of his nephew,
Edward V
★
Lady Margaret Beaufort (1509) during the minority of her grandson,
Henry VIII
★
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547–1550), during the minority of his nephew,
Edward VI
★
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1550–1553), during the minority of Edward VI
★ After the death of
Queen Anne in
1714, a regency under
Baron Parker, The
Lord Chief Justice was set up while
King George I was sent for to take up the crown.
Scotland
★ A large regency council (1286–1290) during the minority of
Margaret, Maid of Norway.
★
William Wallace (1298), claiming to act as regent on behalf of the deposed King
John
★
Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (1329–1332), during the minority of
David II
★
Donald, Earl of Mar (1332), also during the minority of
David II
★
Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Fife (1388–1393), during the incapacity of his father,
Robert II and of his brother,
Robert III
★
David Stewart, 1st Duke of Rothesay (1399–1401), also during the incapacity of his father, Robert III
★
Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany (1401–1420), also during the incapacity of his brother Robert III, and then during the minority and captivity of his nephew
James I Stuart
★
Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (1420–1424), also during the captivity of his cousin James I
★
Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas (1437–1439), during the minority of
James II Stuart
★
William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton and
Sir Alexander Livingston (1439-1445), also during the minority of James II
★
William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas (1445–1449), also during the minority of James II
★
Mary of Gueldres (1460–1463), during the minority of her son,
James III Stuart
★
James Kennedy and
Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy (1463–1466), also during the minority of James III
★
Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd (1466–1469), also during the minority of James III.
★
Patrick Hepburn (1488–1494), during the minority of
James IV Stuart
★
Margaret Tudor (1513–1514), during the minority of her son,
James V Stuart
★
John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (1514–1524), also during the minority of his cousin,
James V
★
Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus and Archbishop
James Beaton (1524–1528), also during the minority of the former's step-son James V
★
James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (1542–1554), during the minority of his cousin,
Mary Stuart
★
Mary of Guise (1554–1560), also during the minority of her daughter
Mary Stuart
★
James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray (1560), during the absence of his half-sister Mary Stuart
★ James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray (1567–1570), during the minority of his nephew
James VI Stuart
★
Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (1570–1571), also during the minority of his grandson James VI
★
John Erskine, 1st Earl of Mar (1571–1572), also during the minority of James VI
★
James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (1572–1581), also during the minority of James VI
★
"Bonnie Prince Charlie" (1745–1746), for his exiled father
James VIII
Regents in various former Monarchies
The same notes apply; inclusion in this list reflects the political reality, regardless of claims to the throne.
Afghan monarchies
Before the 1881 unification, there were essentially four rulers' capitals:
Kabul,
Herat,
Qandahar and
Peshawar (the last now in Pakistan); all their rulers belonged to the
Abdali tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani with
Ahmad Shah Abdali. They belong either to the
Saddozay segment of the
Popalzay clan (typically styled
padshah, king) or to the
Mohammadzay segment of the
Barakzay clan (typically with the style
Amir, in full
Amir al-Mo´menin "Leader of the Faithful"). The Mohammadzay also furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as (Minister-)regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay.
Brazil
There were several regencies, all during the reign of second Emperor
Pedro II:
★ a provisional triumviral regency, 7 April - 18 June 1831, comprised
José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, visconde e marquês de Caravelas,
Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro and
Francisco de Lima e Silva
★ another triumviral regency, 18 June 1831 - 12 October 1835, comprised the last-mentioned as well as
José da Costa Carvalho and
João Bráulio Muniz
★
Diogo António Feijó -Regent 12 October 1835 - 19 September 1837
★
Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil was Princess Regent of the
Empire of Brazil three times (
1871-
1872;
1876-
1877;
1887-
1888) while her father traveled abroad. During her last regency she signed the abolition of
slavery in
Brazil (known as the "
Lei Áurea", or ''"Golden Law"''), on
13 May 1888, whereby Isabel got the
sobriquet ''Isabel the Redeemer''. For the act of signing the ''Golden Law'', she was awarded the
Golden Rose by
Pope Leo XIII.
Bulgaria
★
Stefan Stambolov, during the absence of Prince Alexander Battenberg from the Bulgarian throne between 28 August 1886 and 3 September 1886 and the vacancy of the throne between 7 September 1886 and 14 August 1887.
★ Prince
Kyril of Preslav, during the minority of his dead brother (
Boris III)'s son,
Simeon II (
1943–
1944).
China
★ See
Empress dowager and
Grand Empress Dowager
★
Dorgon, the Prince Rui, from
1638 to
1650 during the minority of his nephew Fulin, the
Shunzhi Emperor
★
Sonin,
Suksaha,
Ebilun and
Oboi during the minority of the
Kangxi Emperor from 1662 to their downfall in 1670.
★
Empress Dowager Cixi during the minority of the
Tongzhi Emperor and
de facto ruler for almost the entire reign of the
Guangxu Emperor
★
Zaifeng, the 2nd Prince Chun, between
1908 and
1911 for his son
Puyi
Egypt
★
Hatshepsut of Egypt for
Thutmose III of Egypt
★
Mohammed Ali Tewfik for
King Farouk I of Egypt
★
Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim for King
Fuad II of Egypt
Ethiopia
Ras
Tafari Mekonenn during the reign of Empress
Zewditu from 1922 to ascension to throne in 1931 as
Haile Selassie
Finland
After the abdication of
Nicholas II of Russia, the throne of the
Grand Duke of Finland was vacant and according to the constitution of 1772, a regent was installed by the
Finnish Parliament during the first two years of Finnish independence, before the country was declared a
republic.
★
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, installed in January 1918, resigned in late 1918.
★
General C.G.E. Mannerheim, resigned 1919 with the passing of the new constitution.
France
★
Anne of Kiev and
Baldwin V, Count of Flanders (1060–1067), during the minority of her son and his nephew
Philip I
★
Suger, Abbot of St. Denis (1147–1149), during the absence of
Louis VII on the
Second Crusade
★
Alix of Champagne and
Guillaume de Champagne, Archbishop of Reims (1190–1191), during the absence of her son
Philip II on the
Third Crusade.
★
Blanche of Castile (1226–1234), during the minority of her son
Louis IX
★
Blanche of Castile (1248–1252) and
Alphonse, Count of Poitou and Toulouse (1248–1254), during the absence of her son and his brother
Louis IX on the
Louis IX of France.
★
Mathieu de Vendôme, Abbot of Saint-Denis and
Simon de Clermont, Sieur de Nesle, during the absence of
Philip III on the
Eighth Crusade (1270).
★
Philip the Tall (1316), during the interregnum between the death of his brother
Louis X and the birth of Louis' posthumous son
John I, and during the minority of the short-lived John I.
★
Philip, Count of Valois and Anjou (1328), from the death of his cousin
Charles IV until the birth of a posthumous daughter to the late king brought about Valois' own accession to the throne.
★
Charles, the Dauphin (1356–1360), during the Captivity of his father in England
★
Louis I, Duke of Anjou (1380–1382), during the minority of his nephew
Charles VI
★
Jean, Duke of Berry,
Philippe II, Duke of Burgundy, and
Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (1382–1388), during the minority of their nephew,
Charles VI
★
Louis II, Duke of Bourbon and
John, Duke of Berry (1388–1407), during the insanity of their nephew, Charles VI
★
Isabella of Bavaria (1417–1420) and then
Henry V of England, during the insanity of her husband and his father-in-law, Charles VI; they were opposed by
★
Charles, the Dauphin (1417–1422), Charles VI's eldest surviving son, who also claimed the regency.
★
John, Duke of Bedford (1422–1435), acting as regent on behalf of his nephew, the young
Henry VI of England, whose supporters controlled much of the country in opposition to the legal king
Charles VII
★
Anne of France and her husband
Pierre de Beaujeu (1483–1492), during the minority of her brother,
Charles VIII
★
Louise of Savoy (1515–1516), during the absence of her son,
Francis I, in Italy.
★
Louise of Savoy (1523–1526), during the absence at war in Italy, and then the captivity, of her son,
Francis I
★
Catherine de' Medici:
★
★ (1552) While her husband
Henry II left the kingdom for the campaign of
Metz.
★
★ (1560–1563) During the minority of her second son,
Charles IX
★
★ (1574) During the absence of her third son,
Henry III, in
Poland
★
Marie de' Medici (1610–1614), during the minority of her son,
Louis XIII
★
Anne of Austria (1643–1651), during the minority of
Louis XIV
★
Philippe II of Orléans (1715–1723), during the minority of
Louis XV; often called "the Regent", since he was the last regent of France.
★
★ The related era and style are commonly referred to as the ''
Régence'' (analogous to the British
Regency period).
★
★ A 136 carat (27.2 g) diamond he acquired in 1717 is known as 'le régent'
★
Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, Comte de Provence, while living in exile, self-declared Regent for his nephew
Louis XVII of France after the 1793 guillotining of
King Louis XVI, until the young pretender's death in 1795.
★
Empress Eugenie, three times for her husband,
Napoleon III, during his absence.
Greece
★
Archbishop Damaskinos Papandreou (1944–1946) On behalf of king
George II of Greece till his return.
★ military Premier
Georgios Papadopoulos (1972) self proclaimed during last reigning king
Constantine II of Greece's exile after a failed royal counter coup.
German monarchies
Anhalt
★
Prince Aribert (1918), during the minority of Duke
Joachim Ernst
Baden
★
Prince Frederick (1852–1856), during the incapacity of his brother, Grand Duke
Louis II
Bavaria
★
Prince Luitpold (1886–1912), during the incapacity of his nephews,
Ludwig II and
Otto
★
Prince Ludwig (1912–1913), during the incapacity of his cousin,
Otto
Brunswick
★
George, Prince of Wales, later King
George IV of the United Kingdom (1815–1823), during the minority of his cousin, Duke
Charles II
★
Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885–1906), during the interregnum following the death of Duke
Wilhelm in
1884, when the throne could not be filled due to the status of the heir, the
Duke of Cumberland, as an enemy of the Reich.
★
Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1907–1913), for the same reason
Hanover
★
George, Prince of Wales (1813–1820), due to the insanity of his father, King
George III
Hesse-Kassel
★
Electoral Prince Frederick William (1831–1847), due to the incapacity of his father, Elector
William II
Lippe
★
Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe (1895–1897), due to the incapacity of his cousin, Prince
Alexander
★
Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1897–1904), for the same reason
★
Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1904–1905), for the same reason
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
★
Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1897–1901), due to the minority of his nephew, Grand Duke
Friedrich Franz IV
Mecklenburg-Strelitz
★
Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1918), due to the near extinction of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz line.
Prussia
★
Prince William (1858–1861), during the incapacity of his brother
Frederick William IV
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
★
Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1900–1905), during the minority of his cousin Duke
Charles Edward
Saxe-Meiningen
★
Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe (1803–1821), during the minority of her son, Duke
Bernard II
Saxe-Weimar
★
Anna Amalia of Brunswick (1758–1775), during the minority of her son, Duke
Carl August
Waldeck
★
Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (1845–1852), during the minority of her son, Prince
George Victor
Hungary
★
prince Andrew, between 1201–1205 during the rule of the infant
Ladislaus III
★
John Hunyadi, during
Ladislaus V's minority
★
Michael Szilágyi in
1458, between László V's death and the crowning of
Matthias I
★
Lodovico Gritti (1530–1534), governor of Eastern Hungary
★
Johann Kaspar Ampringen (1673–1681), when Hungary lost its independence
★
Louis Kossuth, under the 1848
Hungarian Revolution
★
Nicolas Horthy (1920–1944), during the period of the "restored" Hungarian monarchy, when there was no king.
Iceland
★
Sveinn Björnsson (1941-1944)
Indian princely states
Both before and during the
British raj (colonial rule), most of India was ruled by several hundred native
princely houses, many of which have known regencies, under the raj subject to British approval
Travancore
★
Maharani [i.e. wife of a Maharaja]
Gowri Lakshmi Bayi of
Travancore (1811-1815)
★ Maharani
Gowri Parvati Bayi (1815-1849)
★ Maharani
Sethu Lakshmi Bayi (1924-1931)
Korea
★
Daewon-gun, Lord Regent for his son King
Gojong of Joseon during the late 19th Century.
Iraq
In the short-lived Hashemite kingdom, there were three regencies in the reign of the third and last king
Faysal II (b. 1935 - d. 1958; also Head of the 'Arab Union', a federation with the Hashemite sister-kingdom Jordan, from 14 February 1958) :
★ 4 April 1939 - 1 April 1941
Abdul Ilah (1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 1958)
★ 1 April 1941 - 1 June 1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz (b. 1880 - d. 1955)
★ 1 June 1941 - 2 May 1953 Abdul Ilah (2nd time)
Italian former principalities
Parma
★ 'Louise of Artois' (1854–1859), during the minority of her son
duke Robert I.
Romania
★
Prince Nicholas of Romania,
Miron Cristea,
Gheorghe Buzdugan (replaced upon his death by
Constantin Sărăţeanu) (1927–1930), during the minority of king
Michael I
Russia
★ for
Ivan the Terrible
★
Natalia Naryshkina for her son
Peter the Great (1682)
★
Sophia Alekseyevna for her brothers
Ivan V and
Peter the Great (1682-89)
★
Ernst Johann von Biron for the infant
Ivan VI (1740)
★
Anna Leopoldovna for her son
Ivan VI (1740-41)
=
Other uses
In the ancient independent miniature republic of
San Marino, a landlocked enclave within Central Italy, the two
Captains Regent, or ''Capitani Reggenti'', are elected annually as joint heads of state and of government.
Occasionally, the term regent refers to positions lower than the ruler of a country.
★ In the Dutch republic of the United Provinces, the members of the ruling class, not formally hereditary but
de facto patricians, were known collectively as ''
regenten'' (the
Dutch plural for regent)
★ In the
Dutch East Indies, a regent was a native prince allowed to rule de facto colonized 'state' as a
regentschap (see that term). Consequently, in the successor state of
Indonesia, the term regent is used in
English to mean a ''
bupati'' (local government official).
★ Also used in private spheres, for instance, some university managers in
North America are called regents, or the members of certain governing bodies of lofty institutions, such as the national banks, in France and (imitating) Belgium.
★ Again in Belgium and France, but far lower on the social ladder, (''Régént'' in French; or in Dutch) Regent is the official title of a secondary school teacher of the lower years (equivalent to junior high school), who does not require a college degree but is trained solely for education in a specialized ''écôle normale = normal school''.
★ A management board for a
college or
university; this is commonly stated as: "
Board of Regents".
★ In the
Philippines, specifically, the
University of Santo Tomas, the College/Faculty/Institution's real head is the Father Regent, he is a Dominican Priest who is also teaching at UST and serves as the College/Faculty/Institute's Spiritual Head and serves as the "owner" of that College, Faculty or Institution; They also, form the Council of Regents that serves (as stated beforehand) as the highest Administative and Academic Council of the University
See also
★
Regency
Sources and references
(incomplete)
★
WorldStatesmen- see under each present nation
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