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The 'Redpolls' are a group of small passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae which have characteristic red markings on their heads. They were formerly placed into the genus ''Acanthis'' together with the linnets and the twite, but their closest relatives are actually the crossbills, that are placed in the genus ''Loxia'' (Arnaiz-Villena ''et al.'', 2001). The latter genus could be merged with ''Carduelis'' in a single genus, for which the name ''Loxia'' would then have priority. But this would imply to change the name of a large number of species, and as their adaptations and biogeography are evolutionarily quite peculiar, it would be better to reinstate ''Acanthis'' instead, including only the redpolls. There are several different very closely related (Seutin ''et al.'', 1995) forms of redpolls which could be considered as anything from one to five species (Knox, 1988). Recent studies (Herremans, 1990; Sangster ''et al.'', 2002) tend to support three species, but this is certainly not definite.
All redpolls are northern breeding woodland species, associated with birch trees. They are small dumpy birds, brown or grey-brown above and with a red forehead patch. The adult male's breast is washed in red, but in females and young birds the buff breast and white belly are streaked with brown. The bill is small and yellow. Some birds, particularly young ones, are difficult to assign to species.
They are primarily seed-eaters, and often feed acrobatically like a tit; their diet may include some insects in summer. They have a dry reeling song and a metallic call. They lay 4-7 eggs in a nest in a tree or, in the case of Arctic Redpoll, a large bush. They can form large flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixed with other finches.
The species are:


★ The 'Arctic Redpoll', ''Carduelis hornemanni,'' (subspecies, ''C. h. hornemanni''and ''C. h. exilipes'')

★ The 'Common Redpoll', ''Carduelis flammea,'' (subspecies ''C. f. islandica'' and ''C. f. rostrata'').

★ The 'Lesser Redpoll', ''Carduelis cabaret''

Contents

References

External Links

Further reading

''Carduelis hornemanni''

Book

Thesis

Articles

''Carduelis flammea''

Book

Thesis

Articles

References

★ 'Arnaiz-Villena', A.; Guillén, J.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; Lowy, E.; Zamora, J.; Varela, P.; Stefani, D. & Allende, L. M. (2001): Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. ''Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences'' '58'(8): 1159–1166. PDF fulltext

★ 'Herremans', M. 1990. Taxonomy and evolution in Redpolls ''Carduelis flammea – hornemanni''; a multivariate study of their biometry. ''Ardea'' '78'(3): 441–458. HTML abstract

★ 'Knox', A. G. (1988): The taxonomy of redpolls. ''Ardea'' '76'(1): 1–26.

★ 'Sangster', George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J. & Parkin, David T. (2002): Taxonomic recommendations for European birds. ''Ibis'' '144'(1): 153–159. PDF fulltext

★ 'Seutin', G.; Ratcliffe, L. M. & Boag, P. T. (1995): Mitochondrial DNA homogeneity in the phenotypically diverse redpoll finch complex (Aves: Carduelinae: ''Carduelis flammea - hornemanni''). ''Evolution'' '49'(5): 962–973. (HTML abstract and first page image)

External Links

★ Common Redpoll Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology

★ Common Redpoll - Carduelis flammea - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

★ Common Redpoll Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding

Further reading

''Carduelis hornemanni''

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Book

★ Knox, A. G., and P. E. Lowther. 2000. ''Hoary Redpoll (Carduelis hornemanni)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 544 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Thesis

★ Seutin G. Ph.D. (1991). ''Evolutionary relationships in the redpoll complex (Carduelis flammea-Carduelis hornemanni)''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.

Articles

★ Alsop FJ, III. (1973). ''Notes on the Hoary Redpoll on Its Central Canadian Arctic Breeding Grounds''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '85', no 4. p. 484-485.

★ Bancroft J. (1993). ''Further observations of albinism in birds''. Blue Jay. vol '51', no 4. p. 203-204.

★ Bennike O & Feilberg J. (2004). ''Bird observations in Washington Land, North Greenland, in 1999''. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol '98', no 4. p. 192-195.

★ Christensen K, Hansen LG & Soby E. (1996). ''The Danish bird report 1994''. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol '90', no 2. p. 49-88.

★ Ferns PN & Mudge GP. (1976). ''Abundance and Breeding Success of Birds in Orsted Dal East Greenland 1974''. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol '70', no 1-2. p. 21-34.

★ Freedman B & Svoboda J. (1982). ''Populations of Breeding Birds at Alexandra Fjord Ellesmere Island Northwest-Territories Canada Compared with Other Arctic Localities''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '96', no 1. p. 56-60.

★ Gates D, Schneider J & Young SR. (1968). ''3 Apparently New Records for Nebraska''. Nebraska Bird Review. vol '36', no 4. p. 76-78.

★ Hasse H. (1973). ''Lesser Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea-Cabaret New-Record and Hornemanns Redpolls Carduelis-Hornemanni-Exilipes New-Record from the Oberlausitz Area''. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Goerlitz. vol '48', no 16.

★ Kajzer Z, Guentzel S, Jasinski M & Solowiej M. (2005). ''Rare birds recorded in 1999-2003 in Western Pomerania''. Notatki Ornitologiczne. vol '46', no 2. p. 89-104.

★ Knox AG. (1988). ''The Taxonomy of Redpolls''. Ardea. vol '76', no 1. p. 1-26.

★ Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). ''Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds''. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol '70', no 4. p. 609-620.

★ Lansdown P, Riddiford N & Knox A. (1991). ''Identification of Arctic Redpoll Carduelis-Hornemanni-Exilipes''. British Birds. vol '84', no 2. p. 41-56.

★ Marten JA & Johnson NK. (1986). ''Genetic Relationships of North American Cardueline Finches''. Condor. vol '88', no 4. p. 409-420.

★ Mills A. (1986). ''Correlations among Winter Finch Numbers at Ottawa Canada 1958-1983''. Ontario Birds. vol '4', no 1. p. 30-32.

★ Osieck ER. (1976). ''The Occurrence of the Arctic Redpoll Carduelis-Hornemanni in 1972''. Limosa. vol '49', no 1-2. p. 100-106.

★ Pattie DL. (1990). ''A 16-Year Record of Summer Birds on Truelove Lowland Devon Island Northwest Territories Canada''. Arctic. vol '43', no 3. p. 275-283.

★ Renaud WE, Johnson SR & Hollingdale PD. (1979). ''Breeding Birds of Arctic Bay Baffin Island Northwest-Territories Canada with Notes on the Bio Geographic Significance of the Avi Fauna''. Arctic. vol '32', no 2. p. 122-134.

★ Riddington R, Votier SC & Steele J. (2000). ''The influx of redpolls into Western Europe, 1995/96''. British Birds. vol '93', no 2. p. 59-67.

★ Scott G, Woodbridge KF & Duncan AE. (1999). ''Condition of passerine vagrants on North Ronaldsay: A comment (and reply)''. Ringing & Migration. vol '19', no 3. p. 213-214.

★ Seutin G, Boag PT & Ratcliffe LM. (1989). ''Plumage Variability in North American Redpolls Aves Carduelinae the Importance of Sexual and Age Dimorphisms''. Musk Ox. vol '37', p. 116-121.

★ Seutin G, Boag PT & Ratcliffe LM. (1992). ''Plumage variability in redpolls from Churchill, Manitoba''. Auk. vol '109', no 4. p. 771-785.

★ Slings OL & De Vries CN. (1971). ''Redpolls''. Maandblad de Pieper. vol '10', no 10. p. 217-218.

★ Soby E, Christensen K & Hansen LG. (1997). ''The Danish Bird Report 1995''. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol '91', no 1. p. 5-48.

★ Stokke BG, Reinsborg T, Dahl EL, Kamsvag C, Vikan JR, Rudolfsen G, Solbakken KA & Storkersen OR. (2006). ''THE NORWEGIAN BIRD REPORT 2001 - a report on locally uncommon and scarce birds in Norway in 2001, by the Norwegian Birds Records Committee (NFKF)''. Ornis Norvegica. vol '29', no 1. p. 4-45.

★ Stradi R, Celentano G, Boles M & Mercato F. (1997). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: The pattern in a series of red-pigmented Carduelinae''. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. vol '117', no 1. p. 85-91.

★ Troy DM. (1985). ''A Phenetic Analysis of the Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea-Flammea and Carduelis-Hornemanni-Exilipes''. Auk. vol '102', no 1. p. 82-96.

★ Troy DM & Brush AH. (1983). ''Pigments and Feather Structure of the Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea and Carduelis-Hornemanni''. Condor. vol '85', no 4. p. 443-446.

★ Troy DM & Shields GF. (1979). ''Multiple Nesting Attempts by Alaskan USA Redpolls''. Condor. vol '81', no 1. p. 96-97.

★ Votier SC, Steele J, Shaw KD & Stoddart AM. (2000). ''Arctic Redpoll Carduelis hornemanni exilipes: An identification review based on the 1995/96 influx''. British Birds. vol '93', no 2. p. 68-84.

★ Watson A. (1986). ''Notes on the Sexual Cycle of Some Baffin Island Canada Birds''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '100', no 3. p. 396-397.

★ Weatherhead PJ & Bider JR. (1980). ''Avian Range Extension Northward to Deception Bay Quebec Canada''. Arctic. vol '33', no 2.

''Carduelis flammea''

----

Book

★ Knox, A. G., and P. E. Lowther. 2000. ''Common Redpoll (Carduelis flammea)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 543 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Thesis

★ Ashenhurst AR. M.Sc. (2004). ''The effects of seismic lines and drill pads on breeding migratory birds in the Kendall Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Northwest Territories''. University of Alberta (Canada), Canada.

★ Diamond ML. M.Sc. (1980). ''Plumage variability in redpolls, Carduelis flammea and C. hornemanni, L. a test of Rohwer's status signalling hypothesis''. University of Alberta (Canada), Canada.

★ Grinnell LI. Ph.D. (1947). ''A STUDY OF THE COMMON REDPOLL ACANTHUS FLAMMEA FLAMMEA (L.)''. Cornell University, United States -- New York.

★ Seutin G. Ph.D. (1990). ''Evolutionary relationships in the redpoll complex (Carduelis flammea - Carduelis hornemanni)''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.

★ Wren LS. M.Sc. (2001). ''Continental and regional distribution and abundance patterns of boreal cardueline finches: Influences of conifer seed availability''. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), Canada.

Articles

★ Angst C. (1998). ''Mates and "girlfriends": Social organization in the Common Redpoll''. Biologia e Conservazione della Fauna. vol '102', no 96.

★ Badyaev AV. (1997). ''Altitudinal variation in sexual dimorphism: a new pattern and alternative hypotheses''. Behavioral Ecology. vol '8', no 6. p. 675-690.

★ Badyaev AV & Young RL. (2004). ''Complexity and integration in sexual ornamentation: an example with carotenoid and melanin plumage pigmentation''. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. vol '17', no 6. p. 1317-1327.

★ Bocher J. (1978). ''Spergularia-Canadensis New-Record Caryophyllaceae in Greenland''. Botanisk Tidsskrift. vol '72', no 4. p. 245-248.

★ Bock CE. (1982). ''Synchronous Fluctuations in Christmas Bird Counts of Common Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea and Pinon Jays Gymnorhinus-Cyanocephalus''. Auk. vol '99', no 2. p. 382-383.

★ Boddy M. (1981). ''Aging and Sexing British Uk Lesser Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea-Cabaret''. Ringing & Migration. vol '3', no 4. p. 193-202.

★ Boddy M. (1983). ''Autumn Molts of Adult and Juvenile Lesser Redpolls in Carduelis-Flammea-Cabaret Nottinghamshire England Uk''. Ornis Scandinavica. vol '14', no 4. p. 299-308.

★ Boddy M. (1984). ''Body Weights of Adult and Juvenile Lesser Redpolls in Carduelis-Flammea-Cabaret in Central and Southern England Uk''. Ringing & Migration. vol '5', no 2. p. 91-100.

★ Bundus RH. (1994). ''Common redpoll sighting from Stephens County''. Oriole. vol '59', no 2-3.

★ Daoust PY, Busby DG, Ferns L, Goltz J, McBurney S, Poppe C & Whitney H. (2000). ''Salmonellosis in songbirds in the Canadian Atlantic provinces during winter-summer 1997-98''. Canadian Veterinary Journal-Revue Veterinaire Canadienne. vol '41', no 1. p. 54-59.

★ Dawson WR & Marsh RL. (1986). ''Winter Fattening in the American Goldfinch Carduelis-Tristis and the Possible Role of Temperature in Its Regulation''. Physiological Zoology. vol '59', no 3. p. 357-368.

★ De Juana E. (2006). ''Report on rare birds in Spain in 2004''. Ardeola. vol '53', no 1. p. 163-190.

★ Enemar A & Arheimer O. (1989). ''Developmental Asynchrony and Onset of Incubation among Passerine Birds in a Mountain Birch Forest of Swedish Lapland''. Ornis Fennica. vol '66', no 1. p. 32-40.

★ Erskine AJ & McManus R. (2003). ''Supposed periodicity of Redpoll, Carduelis sp., winter visitations in Atlantic Canada''. Canadian Field-Naturalist. vol '117', no 4. p. 611-620.

★ Fennell JFM, Sagar PM & Fennell JS. (1985). ''Variation within the Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea of Canterbury New-Zealand''. Notornis. vol '32', no 3. p. 245-253.

★ Flousek J. (1988). ''Bird and Mammal Communities of the Subarctic Peatbog in the Krkonose Mountains Czechoslovakia''. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke. vol '52', no 1. p. 7-21.

★ Haftorn S. (1998). ''Breeding bird population in a subalpine birch forest in central Norway, with notes on the winter feeding strategy of Carduelis flammea''. Fauna Norvegica Series C Cinclus. vol '21', no 2. p. 75-85.

★ Haftorn S. (2002). ''A pair of the Redpoll Carduelis flammea with two clutches in Finnmark, North Norway''. Ornis Svecica. vol '12', no 3.

★ Hahn TP, Pereyra ME & Sharbaugh SM. (2003). ''Effects of photoperiod on brain GnRH plasticity and peripheral reproductive physiology in three species of cardueline finches''. Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer & Itinerary Planner. p. 611.

★ Hahn TP, Pereyra ME, Sharbaugh SM & Bentley GE. (2004). ''Physiological responses to photoperiod in three cardueline finch species''. General and Comparative Endocrinology. vol '137', no 1. p. 99-108.

★ Helle P. (1985). ''Habitat Selection of Breeding Birds in Relation to Forest Succession in Northeastern Finland''. Ornis Fennica. vol '62', no 3. p. 113-123.

★ Herremans M. (1990). ''Taxonomy and Evolution in Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea-Hornemanni a Multivariate Study of Their Biometry''. Ardea. vol '78', no 3. p. 441-458.

★ Hochachka WM, Wells JV, Rosenberg KV, Tessaglia-Hymes DL & Dhondt AA. (1999). ''Irruptive migration of common redpolls''. Condor. vol '101', no 2. p. 195-204.

★ Hogstad O. (2005). ''Numerical and functional responses of breeding passerine species to mass occurrence of geometrid caterpillars in a subalpine birch forest: a 30-year study''. Ibis. vol '147', no 1. p. 77-91.

★ Jarvinen A & Rajasarkka A. (1992). ''POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS IN 2 NORTHERN LAND BIRD COMMUNITIES - EFFECTS OF HABITAT, MIGRATION STRATEGY AND NEST-SITE''. Ornis Fennica. vol '69', no 4. p. 173-183.

★ Jokimaki J, Huhta E, Monkkonen M & Nikula A. (2000). ''Temporal variation of bird assemblages in moderately fragmented and less-fragmented boreal forest landscapes: A multi-scale approach''. Ecoscience. vol '7', no 3. p. 256-266.

★ Kennard JH. (1976). ''BIENNIAL RHYTHM IN WINTER DISTRIBUTION OF COMMON REDPOLL''. Bird-Banding. vol '47', no 3. p. 231-237.

★ Knox AG. (1988). ''The Taxonomy of Redpolls''. Ardea. vol '76', no 1. p. 1-26.

★ Knox AG, Helbig AJ, Parkin DT & Sangster G. (2001). ''The taxonomic status of Lesser Redpoll''. British Birds. vol '94', no 6. p. 260-267.

★ Koban M & Feist DD. (1981). ''The Effect of Cold on Norepinephrine Turnover in Tissues of Seasonally Acclimatized Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea''. Physiologist. vol '24', no 4.

★ Koenig WD. (2001). ''Synchrony and periodicity of eruptions by boreal birds''. Condor. vol '103', no 4. p. 725-735.

★ Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). ''Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds''. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol '70', no 4. p. 609-620.

★ Lifjeld JT & Bjerke BA. (1996). ''Evidence for assortative pairing by the cabaret and flammea subspecies of the common Redpoll Carduelis flammea in SE Norway''. Fauna Norvegica Series C Cinclus. vol '19', no 1. p. 1-8.

★ Lindstrom A, Visser GH & Daan S. (1993). ''The energetic cost of feather synthesis is proportional to basal metabolic rate''. Physiological Zoology. vol '66', no 4. p. 490-510.

★ Marten JA & Johnson NK. (1986). ''Genetic Relationships of North American Cardueline Finches''. Condor. vol '88', no 4. p. 409-420.

★ Meese RJ & Fuller MR. (1989). ''Distribution and Behavior of Passerines around Peregrine Falco-Peregrinus Eyries in Western Greenland''. Ibis. vol '131', no 1. p. 27-32.

★ Patterson IJ, Ollason JG & Doyle P. (1995). ''Bird populations in upland spruce plantations in northern Britain''. Forest Ecology and Management. vol '79', no 1-2. p. 107-131.

★ Pereyra ME, Sharbaugh SM & Hahn TP. (2005). ''Interspecific variation in photo-induced GnRH plasticity among nomadic cardueline finches''. Brain Behavior and Evolution. vol '66', no 1. p. 35-49.

★ Pohl H. (1974). ''INTERACTION OF EFFECTS OF LIGHT, TEMPERATURE, AND SEASON ON CIRCADIAN PERIOD OF CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA''. Naturwissenschaften. vol '61', no 9. p. 406-407.

★ Pohl H. (1980). ''PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK OF THE REDPOLL CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA .1. STABILITY OF PERIOD AND RANGES OF ENTRAINMENT''. Physiological Zoology. vol '53', no 2. p. 186-198.

★ Pohl H. (1980). ''PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK OF THE REDPOLL CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA .2. OVERT FUNCTIONS IN RELATION TO THE PACEMAKER''. Physiological Zoology. vol '53', no 2. p. 199-209.

★ Pohl H. (1999). ''Spectral composition of light as a zeitgeber for birds living in the high arctic summer''. Physiology & Behavior. vol '67', no 3. p. 327-337.

★ Pulliainen E. (1982). ''Nesting Clumping of Thrushes with Other Birds in the Northern Finnish Taiga in Early Spring''. Aquilo Ser Zoologica. vol '21', p. 60-62.

★ Pulliainen E & Peiponen V. (1981). ''The Breeding of the Redpoll Carduelis-Flammea in Northeastern Finland''. Ornis Fennica. vol '58', no 3. p. 109-116.

★ Raymund RG. (1985). ''Common Redpoll in Dunwoody Georgia USA Area''. Oriole. vol '50', no 2-3. p. 37-38.

★ Refsum T, Vikoren T, Handeland K, Kapperud G & Holstad G. (2003). ''Epidemiologic and pathologic aspects of Salmonella typhimurium infection in passerine birds in Norway''. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol '39', no 1. p. 64-72.

★ Reinertsen RE & Haftorn S. (1986). ''Different Metabolic Strategies of Northern Birds for Nocturnal Survival''. Journal of Comparative Physiology B Biochemical Systemic & Environmental Physiology. vol '156', no 5. p. 655-664.

★ Riddington R, Votier SC & Steele J. (2000). ''The influx of redpolls into Western Europe, 1995/96''. British Birds. vol '93', no 2. p. 59-67.

★ Romero LM, Cyr NE & Romero RC. (2006). ''Corticosterone responses change seasonally in free-living house sparrows (Passer domesticus)''. General and Comparative Endocrinology. vol '149', no 1. p. 58-65.

★ Romero LM, Soma KK, O'Reilly KM, Suydam R & Wingfield JC. (1997). ''Territorial behavior, hormonal changes, and body condition in an Arctic-breeding song bird, the redpoll (Carduelis flammea)''. Behaviour. vol '134', no 9-10. p. 727-747.

★ Romero LM, Soma KK & Wingfield JC. (1998). ''The hypothalamus and adrenal regulate modulation of corticosterone release in redpolls (Carduelis flammea - An arctic-breeding song bird)''. General and Comparative Endocrinology. vol '109', no 3. p. 347-355.

★ Rosefield RN, Schneider JW, Papp JM & Seegar WS. (1995). ''Prey of peregrine falcons breeding in West Greenland''. Condor. vol '97', no 3. p. 763-770.

★ Saari L. (1977). ''Change of Habitat Preference During the Summer in Certain Passerines''. Ornis Fennica. vol '54', no 4. p. 154-159.

★ Sangster G, Knox AG, Helbig AJ & Parkin DT. (2002). ''Taxonomic recommendations for European birds''. Ibis. vol '144', no 1. p. 153-159.

★ Seutin G. (1994). ''PLUMAGE REDNESS IN REDPOLL FINCHES DOES NOT REFLECT HEMOPARASITIC INFECTION''. Oikos. vol '70', no 2. p. 280-286.

★ Seutin G, Boag PT & Ratcliffe LM. (1992). ''PLUMAGE VARIABILITY IN REDPOLLS FROM CHURCHILL, MANITOBA''. Auk. vol '109', no 4. p. 771-785.

★ Seutin G, Boag PT & Ratcliffe LM. (1993). ''MORPHOMETRIC VARIABILITY IN REDPOLLS FROM CHURCHILL, MANITOBA''. Auk. vol '110', no 4. p. 832-843.

★ Seutin G, Boag PT, White BN & Ratcliffe LM. (1991). ''SEQUENTIAL POLYANDRY IN THE COMMON REDPOLL (CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA)''. Auk. vol '108', no 1. p. 166-170.

★ Seutin G, Ratcliffe LM & Boag PT. (1995). ''Mitochondrial DNA homogeneity in the phenotypically diverse redpoll finch complex (Aves: Carduelis: Carduelinae: flammea-hornemanni)''. Evolution. vol '49', no 5. p. 962-973.

★ Skadsen D. (1992). ''Common redpoll and slate-colored junco recovered outside South Dakota''. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol '44', no 4. p. 83-84.

★ Smith KG. (1979). ''Common Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea Using Spruce Seeds in Northern Utah USA''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '91', no 4. p. 621-623.

★ Stradi R, Celentano G, Boles M & Mercato F. (1997). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: The pattern in a series of red-pigmented Carduelinae''. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. vol '117', no 1. p. 85-91.

★ Stradi R, Pini E & Celentano G. (2001). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: the complement of red pigments in the plumage of wild and captive bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula)''. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. vol '128', no 3. p. 529-535.

★ Troy DM. (1984). ''Holboells Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea-Holboellii Do They Exist''. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol '62', no 11. p. 2302-2306.

★ Troy DM. (1985). ''A PHENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE REDPOLLS CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA-FLAMMEA AND CARDUELIS-HORNEMANNI-EXILIPES''. Auk. vol '102', no 1. p. 82-96.

★ Troy DM & Brush AH. (1983). ''PIGMENTS AND FEATHER STRUCTURE OF THE REDPOLLS, CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA AND CARDUELIS-HORNEMANNI''. Condor. vol '85', no 4. p. 443-446.

★ Van Oort H & Dawson RD. (2005). ''Carotenoid ornamentation of adult male Common Redpolls predicts probability of dying in a salmonellosis outbreak''. Functional Ecology. vol '19', no 5. p. 822-827.

★ Virkkala R. (1987). ''Effects of Forest Management on Birds Breeding in Northern Finland''. Annales Zoologici Fennici. vol '24', no 4. p. 281-294.

★ Virkkala R. (1987). ''Geographical Variation in Bird Communities of Old Intact Forests in Northern Finland''. Ornis Fennica. vol '64', no 3. p. 107-118.

★ Watson A. (1986). ''Notes on the Sexual Cycle of Some Baffin Island Canada Birds''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '100', no 3. p. 396-397.