RED TIDE

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'"Red Tide"' is a common name for a phenomenon known as an algal bloom, an event in which estuarine, marine, or fresh water algae accumulate rapidly in the water column, or "bloom". These algae, more specifically phytoplankton, are microscopic, single-celled protists, plant-like organisms that can form dense, visible patches near the water's surface. Certain species of phytoplankton contain photosynthetic pigments that vary in color from green to brown to red, and when the algae are present in high concentrations, the water appears to be discolored or murky, varying in color from white to almost black, normally being red or brown. Not all algal blooms are dense enough to cause water discoloration, and not all discolored waters associated with algal blooms are red. Additionally, red tides are not typically associated with tidal movement of water, hence the preference among scientists to use the term algal bloom.
The term "red tide" is often used in the United States of America to describe a particular type of algal bloom common to the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and is also called "Florida red tide". This type of bloom is caused by a species of dinoflagellate known as ''Karenia brevis'', and these blooms occur almost annually along Florida waters. The density of these organisms during a bloom can exceed tens of millions of cells per liter of seawater, and often discolor the water a deep reddish-brown hue.
"Red tide" is also commonly used on the northern east coast of the United States, and particularly in the Gulf of Maine. This type of bloom is caused by another species of dinoflagellate known as ''Alexandrium fundyense''. These blooms of organisms cause severe disruptions in fisheries of these waters as the toxins in these organism cause filter-feeding shellfish in affected waters to become poisonous for human consumption due to saxitoxin.
The most conspicuous effects of red tides are the associated wildlife mortalities among marine and coastal species of fish, birds, marine mammals and other organisms. In the case of Florida red tides, these mortalities are caused by exposure to a potent neurotoxin produced naturally by ''Karenia brevis'', called brevetoxin.
In 1972 a red tide was caused in New England by a toxic dinoflagellate ''Alexandrium (Gonyaulax) tamarense''.
It is unclear what causes red tides; their occurrence in some locations appears to be entirely natural^[1], while in others they appear to be a result of human activities^[2] The frequency and severity of algal blooms in some parts of the world have been linked to increased nutrient loading from human activities. In other areas, algal blooms are a seasonal occurrence resulting from coastal upwelling, a natural result of the movement of certain ocean currents^[3]. The growth of marine phytoplankton is generally limited by the availability of nitrates and phosphates, which can be abundant in agricultural run-off as well as coastal upwelling zones. Coastal water pollution produced by humans and systematic increase in sea water temperature have also been implicated as contributing factors in red tides. Other factors such as iron-rich dust influx from large desert areas such as the Saharan desert are thought to play a major role in causing red tides^[4]. Some algal blooms on the Pacific coast have also been linked to occurrences of large-scale climatic oscillations such as El Niño events. While red tides in the Gulf of Mexico have been occurring since the time of early explorers such as Cabeza de Vaca^[5]. it is unclear what initiates these blooms, and how large a role anthropogenic and natural factors play in their development. It is also debated whether the apparent increase in frequency and severity of algal blooms in various parts of the world is in fact a real increase or is due to increased observation effort and advances in species identification methods ^[6]
[7].
Some red tide organisms naturally produce potent toxins, such as saxitoxin, domoic acid, or brevetoxin, and red tides composed of toxic phytoplankton are commonly referred to as "harmful algal blooms" or "HABs". The various red tide toxins each have different modes of action, such as disruption the proper function of ion channels in neurons, mimicking of neurotransmitters, or inhibition of enzymatic activity^[8]. Domoic acid, a toxin produced by diatoms of the genus ''Pseudo-nitzschia'', has been linked to neurological damage in certain marine mammals, and is frequently found in algal blooms on the U.S. West Coast^[9]. Some red tide toxins can become highly concentrated in various marine organisms that have the ability to filter and consume large quantities of toxic plankton directly from seawater. These include shellfish, finfish, baleen whales, and benthic crustaceans. Frequently, shellfish collected in areas affected by algal blooms can be potentially dangerous for human consumption, leading to closures of shellfish beds for harvesting.
On August 23, 2007, 5 year-old boy was killed and 12 others were hospitalized after eating mussels shellfish contaminated with red tide toxin in Sorsogon, Philippines. The BFAR also raised red tide alerts in the coastal waters of Milagros Bay in Masbate; Juag Lagoon in Matnog; Bislig Bay in Bislig City in Surigao del Sur; Hinatuan Bay in Surigao del Sur; and Dumanguilas Bay in Zamboanga del Sur. In June, 2 children were killed and 5 others were hospitalized in Casiguran, Sorsogon, after eating red tide-contaminated mussels.^[10]

'Toxins'	'associated human illnesses from shellfish'
brevetoxins	neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)
saxitoxins	paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
domoic acid	amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP)
okadaic acid	diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)
ciguatoxin	ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP)

Contents

See also

External links

References

See also

★ Algal bloom (see "toxic chemicals" in paragraph 2)

★ Ciguatera

★ Dinoflagellate (see "neurotoxins" and "red tide" under Ecology and fossils and see "phosphate" under Cautions)

★ Domoic acid

★ The Marine Mammal Center

★ Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

★ Pfiesteria

★ Phytoplankton

External links

★ Harmful Algae and Red Tide Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

★ Toxic Blooms: Understanding Red Tides, a seminar by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

★ Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone and Red Tides

★ Red Tide updates for the Gulf Coast of Florida provided by Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, FL

★ California Program for Regional Enhanced Monitoring for PhycoToxins, California Department of Health Services and the University of California, Santa Cruz

★ Red Tide FAQ, Florida's Fish and Wildlife Research Institute

★ Florida's Red Tide Report A Compilation of citizen based, media and official reports of the locations and severity of current Red Tide Blooms.

★ Florida Red Tide Coalition A citizen based group dedicated to raising awareness of Red Tide, debunking myths, educating the public and taking action to promote or oceans health and help stop red tide.

★ NIEHS study of airborne impacts of Florida red tide

★ Washington State Shellfish Biotoxin Program

References

1. Adams NG, Lesoing M, Trainer VL (2000) Environmental conditions associated with domoic acid in razor clams on the Washington coast. J Shellfish Res 19:1007–1015
2. Lam CWY, Ho KC (1989) Red tides in Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong. In: Okaichi T, Anderson DM, Nemoto T (eds) Red tides. biology, environmental science and toxicology. Elsevier, New York, pp 49–52.
3. Trainer VL, Adams NG, Bill BD, Stehr CM, Wekell JC, Moeller P, Busman M, Woodruff D (2000) Domoic acid production near California coastal upwelling zones, June (1998). Limnol Oceanogr 45:1818–1833
4. Walsh et al (2006). Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico: Where, when, and why? Journal of Geophysical Research 111, C11003, doi:10.1029/2004JC002813
5. Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núnez. La Relación (1542). Translated by Martin A. Favata and José B. Fernández. Arte Público Press, Houston, Texas (1993)
6. Harmful Algal blooms: causes, impacts and detection, , K.G., Sellner, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2003
7. Marine Algal Toxins: Origins, Health Effects, and Their Increased Occurrence, , F.M., Van Dolah, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2000
8. Landsberg JH (2002). The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms. Reviews in Fisheries Science 10(2):113-390
9. Scholin et al (2000). Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast
linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature 403(6):80-84
10. GMA NEWS.TV, Red tide kills 5-yr-old boy, downs 12 others in Sorsogon