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'Usimare Ramesses III' (also written 'Ramses' and 'Rameses') was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last great New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. He was the son of Setnakht and Queen 'Tiy-merenese.' Ramesses III is believed to have reigned from March 1186 to April 1155 BC. This is based on his known accession date of I Shemu day 26 and his death on Year 32 III Shemu day 15, for a reign of 31 years, 1 month and 19 days.^[1] (Alternate dates for this king are 1187 to 1156 BC).
A fixed chronological point for this pharaoh's reign was the eruption of the Hekla III Iceland volcano from 1159 BC onwards. Since it is well known that the king experienced difficulties provisioning his workmen at Deir el-Medina with supplies in his 29th year, it is probable that his 28th or 29th regnal year was equivalent to 1159 BC.^[2] A minor discrepancy of 1 year is possible since Egypt's granaries could have had reserves to cope with at least a single bad year of crop harvests during the time of the Hekla III eruption. This means that the king's reign would have ended just 3 to 4 years later around 1156 or 1155 BC. The Ancient Greeks knew Ramesses III as 'Rhampsinitus' which is a corruption of his popular Egyptian name, Ra-messu-pa-neter.^[3]

Contents

Tenure and chaos

Conspiracy against the king

Legacy

References

External links

Tenure and chaos

During his long tenure in the midst of the surrounding political chaos of the Greek Dark Ages, Egypt was beset by foreign invaders (including the so-called Sea Peoples and the Libyans) and experienced the beginnings of increasing economic difficulties and internal strife which would eventually lead to the collapse of the Twentieth Dynasty. In Year 8 of his reign, the Sea Peoples, including Peleset, Denyen, Shardana, Weshwesh of the sea, and Tjekker, invaded Egypt by land and sea. Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles. He claims that he incorporated them as subject peoples and settled them in Southern Canaan, although there is evidence that they forced their way into Canaan. Ramesses III, unable to admit defeat, claimed that it was his idea in the first place. Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states in this region such as Philistia after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire. He was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in 2 major campaigns in Egypt's Western Delta in his Year 6 and Year 11 respectively.^[4]
The heavy cost of these battles slowly exhausted Egypt's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. The severity of these difficulties is stressed by the fact that the first known labor strike in recorded history occurred during Year 29 of Ramesses III's reign, when the food rations for the Egypt's favoured and elite royal tomb-builders and artisans in the village of 'Set Maat her imenty Waset' (now known as Deir el Medina), could not be provisioned.^[5] The main reason for this deficiency was presumably caused by the massive and extended 1159 BC to 1140 BC eruption of the Hekla III volcano in Iceland, which expelled large amounts of plume and rock into the atmosphere thereby causing large-scale failures of Egypt's crop harvest.^[2] The presence of significant quantities of volcanic soot in the air prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BC. The result in Egypt was a substantial inflation in grain prices under the later reigns of Ramesses VI-VII whereas the prices for fowl and slaves remained constant.^[7] The eruption, hence, affected Ramesses III's final years and impaired his ability to provide a constant supply of grain rations to the workman of the Deir el-Medina community.

These difficult realities are completely ignored by the images of continuity and stability presented in Ramesses' official monuments—most of which seek to emulate his more famous predecessor, Ramesses II. He built important additions to the temples at Luxor and Karnak, and his funerary temple and administrative complex at Medinet-Habu is amongst the largest and best preserved in Egypt – however, the uncertainty of Ramesses' times is apparent from the massive fortifications which were built to enclose the latter. No Egyptian temple in the heart of Egypt prior to Ramesses' reign had ever needed to be protected in such a manner.
Ramesses' two main names, shown left, transliterate as wsr-m3‘t-r‘–mry-ỉmn r‘-ms-s–ḥḳ3-ỉwnw. They are normally realised as 'Usermaatre-meryamun Ramesse-hekaiunu', meaning "Powerful one of Ma'at and Ra, Beloved of Amun, Ra bore him, Ruler of Heliopolis".

Conspiracy against the king

Thanks to the discovery of papyrus trial transcripts (dated to Rameses III), it is now known that there was a plot against his life as a result of a royal harem conspiracy during the celebration of Medinet Habu. The conspiracy was instigated by Tey, one of his two principal wives (Isis and Tey), over whose son would inherit the throne. Isis's son, Ramesses IV, was the eldest and the chosen successor by Ramesses III rather than Tey's son Pentawere. It is not known if the plot succeeded because the body of Ramesses III shows no obvious wounds while the crown passed to Ramesses III's designated successor, Ramesses IV. Some have put forth a hypothesis that a snakebite from a viper was the cause of the king's death but this proposal has not been proven. Ramesses III may perhaps have initiated the trials himself to capture the perpetrators of the conspiracy late in his life.It is also known that he lived as long as about 2 weeks after the assassination attempt. His mummy includes a protective amulet to protect Ramesses III in the afterlife from a snakebite, which is very unusual for a pharaoh. The servant in charge of his food and drink was among the listed conspirators, but there were also some conspirators called the snake and the lord of snakes that might have been the most responsible.
The documents also emphasize the extensive scale of the conspiracy to assassinate the king since at least 40 individuals were implicated in the plot.^[8] Chief among them was Queen Tey and her son Pentawere, seven royal butlers (a respectable state office), two Treasury overseers (commonly the position of powerful Viziers), two Army standard bearers, two royal scribes and a herald. There is little doubt that all of the conspirators were sentenced to death: some of the condemned were given the option of committing suicide by poison rather than execution. In the case of Tey and her son Pentawere, their means of death is not known but their royal tombs were robbed and their names erased to prevent them from reaching the afterlife. The Egyptians did such a thorough job of this that the only references to them are these ancient documents and the remains of their tombs. The harem women tried to seduce the members of the judiciary who tried them but were caught in the act.
It has been recently suggested that Pentawere, being a noble, had been spared the humiliating fate of the other conspirators. The others would have been burned alive with their ashes strewn in the streets. Such punishment would serve to make a strong example since it conveyed the gravity of their treason for ancient Egyptians who believed that one could only attain an afterlife if one's body was mummified and preserved. In other words, not only were the criminals killed in the physical world, but also in the afterlife. They would have no chance of living on in the next world, a kind of 'second death'. Pentawere, however, may have been given the option to commit suicide by taking poison and so avoid the harsher punishment of second death. This could have allowed him to be mummified and, theoretically, move on to the afterlife.

Legacy

The Great Harris Papyrus or Papyrus Harris I, which was commissioned by his son and chosen successor Ramesses IV, chronicles this king's vast donations of land, gold statues and monumental construction to Egypt's various temples at Piramesse, Heliopolis, Memphis, Athribis, Hermopolis, Thinis, Egypt, Abydos, Coptos, El Kab and other cities in Nubia and Syria. It also records that the king dispatched a trading expedition to the Land of Punt and quarried the copper mines of Timna in southern Canaan. Papyrus Harris I has Ramesses III relating that:

More notably, Ramesses began the reconstruction of the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak from the foundations of an earlier temple of Amenhotep III and completed the Temple of Medinet Habu (temple) around his Year 12.^[9] He decorated the walls of his Medinet Habu temple with scenes of his Naval and Land battles against the Sea Peoples. This monument stands today as one of the best preserved temples of the New Kingdom.^[10]
The mummy of Ramesses III was discovered by antiquarians in 1886 and is regarded as the prototypical Egyptian Mummy in numerous Hollywood movies.^[11] His tomb (KV11) is one of the largest in the Valley of the Kings.

References

1. E.F. Wente & C.C. Van Siclen, "A Chronology of the New Kingdom" in Studies in Honor of George R. Hughes, (SAOC 39) 1976, p.235, ISBN 0-918986-01-X
2. Frank J. Yurco, "End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis Periods: A Volcanic Cause" in ''Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente'', ed: Emily Teeter & John Larson, (SAOC 58) 1999, pp.456-458
3. Rhampsinitus Online Encyclopedia
4. Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992. p.271
5. William F. Edgerton, The Strikes in Ramses III's Twenty-Ninth Year, JNES 10, No. 3 (July 1951), pp. 137-145
6. Frank J. Yurco, "End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis Periods: A Volcanic Cause" in ''Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente'', ed: Emily Teeter & John Larson, (SAOC 58) 1999, pp.456-458
7. Frank J. Yurco, op. cit., p.456
8. Ramesses III: Egypt's last great pharaoh
9. Jacobus Van Dijk, 'The Amarna Period and the later New Kingdom' in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, ed. Ian Shaw, Oxford University Press paperback, (2002) p.305
10. Van Dijk, op. cit., p.305
11. Bob Brier, The Encyclopedia of Mummies, Checkmark Books, 1998., p.154



★ '', 1991, Christian Settipani, p. 153, 169, 171, 173 and 175

External links

★ Timna: Valley of the Ancient Copper Mines