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The 'radian', in mathematics, is a unit of plane angle, equal to 180/''π'' degrees, or about 57.2958 degrees. It is represented by the symbol "rad" or, more rarely, by the superscript c (for "circular measure"). For example, an angle of 1.2 radians would be written as "1.2 rad" or "1.2^c" (the second symbol can be mistaken for a degree: "1.2°").
However, the radian is the de facto unit of angular measurement for mathematicians, and in mathematical writing the symbol "rad" is almost always omitted. In the absence of any symbol radians are assumed, and when degrees are meant the symbol ° is used.
The radian was formerly an SI supplementary unit, but this category was abolished in 1995 and the radian is now considered an SI derived unit. The SI unit of solid angle measurement is the steradian.

Contents

Definition

History

Conversions

Conversion between radians and degrees

Conversion between radians and grads

Reasons why radians are preferred in mathematics

Dimensional analysis

Use in physics

SI multiples

See also

References

External links

Definition

One radian is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.
More generally, the magnitude in radians of any angle subtended by two radii is equal to the ratio of the length of the enclosed arc to the radius of the circle; that is, ''θ'' = ''s''/''r'', where ''θ'' is the subtended angle in radians, ''s'' is arc length, and ''r'' is radius. Conversely, the length of the enclosed arc is equal to the radius multiplied by the magnitude of the angle in radians; that is, ''s'' = ''rθ''.
It follows that the magnitude in radians of one complete revolution (360 degrees) is the length of the entire circumference divided by the radius, or 2''πr''/''r'', or 2''π''. Thus 2''π'' radians is equal to 360 degrees, meaning that one radian is equal to 180/''π'' degrees.

History

The concept of a radian measure, as opposed to the degree of an angle, should probably be credited to Roger Cotes in 1714.^[1] He had the radian in everything but name, and he recognized its naturalness as a unit of angular measure.
The term ''radian'' first appeared in print on June 5, 1873, in examination questions set by James Thomson at Queen's College, Belfast. James Thomson was a brother of Lord Kelvin. He used the term as early as 1871, while in 1869, Thomas Muir, then of the University of St Andrews, hesitated between ''rad'', ''radial'' and ''radian''. In 1874, Muir adopted ''radian'' after a consultation with James Thomson.^[2][3][4]

Conversions

Conversion between radians and degrees

As explained above under "Definition", one radian is equal to 180/''π'' degrees. Thus, to convert from radians to degrees, multiply by 180/''π''. For example,
:
:
:
Conversely, to convert from degrees to radians, multiply by ''π''/180. For example,
:
:
You can also convert radians to revolutions by dividing number of radians by 2π.
The table shows the conversion of some common angles.
{|class = wikitable
|- valign="top"
|style = "background:#f2f2f2" | 'Degrees'  
|style = "width:3em; text-align:center" | 0°
|style = "width:3em; text-align:center" | 30°
|style = "width:3em; text-align:center" | 45°
|style = "width:3em; text-align:center" | 60°
|style = "width:3em; text-align:center" | 90°
|style = "width:3em; text-align:center" | 180°
|style = "width:3em; text-align:center" | 270°
|style = "width:3em; text-align:center" | 360°
|- valign="top"
|style = "background:#f2f2f2" | 'Radians'
|style = "text-align:center" | 0
|style = "text-align:center" |
|style = "text-align:center" |
|style = "text-align:center" |
|style = "text-align:center" |
|style = "text-align:center" | $pi,$
|style = "text-align:center" |
|style = "text-align:center" | $2pi,$
|}

Conversion between radians and grads

2''π'' radians are equal to one complete revolution, which is 400^g. So, to convert from radians to grads multiply by 200/''π'', and to convert from grads to radians multiply by ''π''/200. For example,
:
:

Reasons why radians are preferred in mathematics

In calculus and most other branches of mathematics beyond practical geometry, angles are universally measured in radians. One important reason is that results involving trigonometric functions are simple and "natural" when the function's argument is expressed in radians. For example, the use of radians leads to the simple identity
:$lim\_\{h$
ightarrow 0}rac{sin h}{h}=1,
which is the basis of many other elegant identities in mathematics, including
:.
The trigonometric functions also have simpler series expansions when radians are used; for example, the following Taylor series for sin ''x'':
:
If ''x'' were expressed in degrees then the series would contain messy factors involving powers of ''π''/180.

Dimensional analysis

Although the radian is a unit of measure, it is a dimensionless quantity. This can be seen from the definition given earlier: the angle subtended at the centre of a circle, measured in radians, is the ratio of the length of the enclosed arc to the length of the circle's radius. Since the units of measurement cancel, this ratio is dimensionless.
Another way to see the dimensionlessness of the radian is in the series representations of the trigonometric functions, such as the Taylor series for sin ''x'' mentioned earlier:
:
If ''x'' had units, then the sum would be meaningless: the linear term ''x'' cannot be added to (or have subtracted) the cubic term $x^3/3!$. Therefore, ''x'' must be dimensionless.

Use in physics

The radian is widely used in physics when angular measurements are required. For example, angular velocity is typically measured in radians per second (rad/s). One revolution per second is equal to 2''π'' radians per second.
Similarly, angular acceleration is often measured in radians per second per second (rad/s²).

SI multiples

SI prefixes have limited use with radians. The milliradian (0.001 rad, or 1 mrad) is used in gunnery and general targeting, because it corresponds to 1 m at a range of 1000 m (at such small angles, the curvature can be considered negligible). The divergence of laser beams is also usually measured in milliradians. Smaller units, like microradians (μrads) and nanoradians (nrads) are used in astronomy, and can also be used to measure the beam quality of lasers with ultra-low divergence. Similarly, the prefixes smaller than milli- are potentially useful in measuring extremely small angles. However, the larger prefixes have no apparent utility, mainly because to exceed 2''π'' radians is to begin the same circle (or revolutionary cycle) again.

See also

★ Trigonometry

★ Harmonic analysis

★ Angular frequency

★ Grad

★ Degree

★ Steradian - the "square radian"

References

1. Biography of Roger Cotes, ''The MacTutor History of Mathematics''
2. Florian Cajori, 1929, ''History of Mathematical Notations'', Vol. 2, pp. 147–148
3. ''Nature'', 1910, Vol. 83, pp. 156, 217, and 459–460
4. Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics

External links

★ Radian at MathWorld

★ Radians/Degree Converter