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'Puget Sound' (pronounced IPA ) is an arm of the Pacific Ocean, connected to the rest of the Pacific by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. It branches out from Admiralty Inlet, Haro Strait, and Rosario Strait in the north to Olympia, Washington in the south.^[1] The surrounding land partially overlaps the Seattle metropolitan area, home to about 4 million people.
These straits connect Puget Sound not only to the rest of the Pacific Ocean, but also to the Strait of Georgia to the north.

Contents

History

Geology

Geography

Counties of the greater Puget Sound region

Prominent islands

Urban centers

Satellite cities

Other principal cities

See also

References

Further reading

External links

History

An alternative term for Puget Sound, still used by some Native Americans and environmental groups, is ''Whulge'' (or ''Whulj''), an Anglicization of the Lushootseed name 'XWulcH', which means "Salt Water".^[2] The name "Puget Sound" (earlier "Puget's Sound") was given by George Vancouver for Lieutenant Peter Puget, who explored its southern end in May 1792. Vancouver claimed it for Great Britain on 4 June 1792. It became part of the Oregon Country, and became a USA territory when the 1846 Oregon Treaty was signed.
Originally, the name Puget Sound referred only to the southern reaches beyond Poverty Bay explored by Peter Puget, and the central and northern reaches familiar to Washington State Ferry riders was called Admiralty Inlet. Today Admiralty Inlet refers only to the strait between Whidbey Island and Point No Point on the Kitsap Peninsula. But on a modern nautical chart, Admiralty Inlet is a distinct body of water from the Puget Sound. The northern border of the Puget Sound on the East is formed by Possession Sound, which separates Whidbey Island from Everett.
Due to the migration along the Oregon Trail, many settlers wandered north to what is now Washington State and settled the Puget Sound area. The first settlement was New Market (now known as Tumwater) in 1846. In 1853 the Northern Pacific railroad line reached Puget Sound, linking the region to the other states. During that same year Washington Territory was formed from part of Oregon Territory.

For a long period Tacoma was noted for its large smelters where gold, silver, copper and lead ores were treated. Seattle was the primary port for trade with Alaska and the rest of the country and for a time possessed a large shipbuilding industry. The region around eastern Puget Sound developed heavy industry during the period including World War I and World War II, and the Boeing Company became an established icon in the area.
During World War II the Puget Sound area became a focus for the war industry, with Boeing producing many of the nation's heavy bombers and the ports of Seattle, Bremerton and Tacoma available for shipbuilding.
Since 1995, Puget Sound has been recognized as an American Viticultural Area by the Tax and Trade Bureau.

Geology

The United States Geological Survey defines Puget Sound as a bay with numerous channels and branches; more specifically, it is a fjord system of flooded glacial valleys.
Puget Sound is a very large salt water estuary fed by highly seasonal freshwater from the Olympic and Cascade Mountain watersheds.^[3] It extends from the southern end of Whidbey Island to Olympia, Washington. The northern boundary is Whidbey Island; a second entrance between Whidbey Island and Mukilteo, Washington forms the southern boundary of Possession Sound ().
The Sound has been reshaped by the scouring action and till deposition of the Wisconsin Glaciation, which extended in this region as far south as Olympia; the soils of the region, less than ten thousand years old, are still characterized as immature. During glacial maximum a large meltwater lake formed at the icewall's forefront, drained by the Chehalis River; its sediments form the blue-gray clay identified as the Lawton Clay. As icebergs calved off the toe of the glacier, their embedded gravels and boulders were deposited in the chaotic mix of unsorted till geologists call ''glaciomarine drift.'' Many beaches about the Sound display glacial erratics, rendered more prominent than those in coastal woodland solely by their exposed position; submerged glacial erratics sometimes provide hazards to navigation. The sheer weight of glacial-age ice depressed the landforms, which experienced isostatic rebound after the ice sheets had retreated; because the rate of rebound was not synchronous with the post-ice age rise in sea levels, the bed of what is Puget Sound, filled alternately with fresh and with sea water. The upper level of the lake-sediment Lawton Clay now lies about 120 feet (37 m) above sea level.

The Puget Sound system consists of four interconnected basins, some very deep, separated by shallow sills. The depth of the basins is a result of the Sound being part of a subduction zone, where the terranes accreted at the edge of the Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted under the North American Plate: there has not been a major subduction zone earthquake here since the magnitude nine Cascadia Earthquake; according to Japanese records, it occurred 26 January 1700. Lesser Puget Sound quakes with shallow epicenters, caused by the fracturing of stressed oceanic rocks as they are subducted still cause great damage. The Seattle Fault cuts across Puget Sound, crossing just north of Vashon Island and dipping under the city of Seattle ^[4]. To the south, the existence of a second fault, the Tacoma Fault has buckled the intervening strata in the Seattle Uplift.
Typical Puget Sound profiles of dense glacial till overlying permeable glacial outwash of gravels above an impermeable bed of silty clay may become unstable after periods of unusually wet weather and slump in landslides.^[5]

Geography

The urban region designated the Puget Sound Region is centered on Seattle, Washington, and consists of nine counties, two urban center cities and four satellite cities making up what has been dubbed the "Pugetropolis". Both urban core cities have large industrial areas and seaports plus a high-rise central business district. The satellite cities are primarily suburban, featuring a small downtown core and a small industrial area or port. The suburbs consist mostly of residences, strip malls, and shopping centers. The region is also home to numerous ports. The two largest and busiest are the Port of Seattle and Tacoma, which, if combined, comprise the second largest container port in North America after Los Angeles/Long Beach. The Port of Vancouver, the largest Canadian port, sits on the northern end of the Greater Puget Sound Area.
A unique state-run ferry system, the Washington State Ferries, connects the larger islands to the Washington mainland, as well as both sides of the sound, allowing cars and people to move about the greater Puget Sound region.

Counties of the greater Puget Sound region

★ Island County

★ Jefferson County

★ King County

★ Kitsap County

★ Lewis County

★ Mason County

★ Pierce County

★ Skagit County

★ Snohomish County

★ Thurston County
In addition, the San Juan Islands (all of San Juan County plus a few islands belonging to Whatcom County) are often considered part of the greater Puget Sound area.

Prominent islands

★ Anderson Island

★ Bainbridge Island

★ Blake Island

★ Camano Island

★ Fidalgo Island

★ Fox Island

★ Harstine Island

★ Indian Island

★ Marrowstone Island

★ Maury Island

★ McNeil Island

★ Squaxin Island

★ Vashon Island

★ Whidbey Island

Urban centers

★ Seattle

★ Tacoma

★ Olympia

Satellite cities

★ Everett is in the greater Puget Sound Region but it is in truth on Possession Sound.

★ Bellevue

★ Bremerton

Other principal cities

★ Auburn

★ Des Moines

★ Federal Way

★ Kent

★ Redmond

★ Renton

★ Kirkland

★ Mount Vernon

★ Edmonds

★ Lynnwood

See also

★ Puget Sound AVA

★ List of place names with unpredictable pronunciation

References

1. Geology of Puget Sound Pacific Science Center
2. Native Seattle: Histories from the Crossing-Over Place, , Coll, Thrush, University of Washington Press, 2007,
3. Fresh inflow ranges between a peak of about 367,000 cubic feet per second (10 400 m³/s) to a minimum of about 14,000 ft³/s (400 m³/s).
4. "Ancient seismic stresses at work in Puget Sound region" ''Cyberwest Magazine'' 9 June 2004
5. Washington State Department of Ecology:"Puget Sound landslides"

Further reading

★ A history of the Puget Sound country : its resources, its commerce and its people : with some reference to discoveries and explorations in North America from the time of Christopher Columbus down to that of George Vancouver in 1792, when the beauty, richness and vast commercial advantages of this region were first made known to the world, Prosser, William Farrand, , , Lewis Pub. Co., 1903, Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection

External links

★ Puget Sound Regional Council The four-county regional coordination and planning organization for the Puget Sound region. It is charged with transportation, land use, and economic development planning for the region.

★ Prosperity Partnership An award winning economic development coalition, dedicated to growing jobs and securing long-term prosperity in the Puget Sound region.

★ University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Oliver S. Van Olinda Photographs A collection of 420 photographs depicting life on Vashon Island, Whidbey Island, Seattle, and other communities of Washington State's Puget Sound from the 1880s through the 1930s.

★ Pacific Science Center: Geology of Puget Sound

★ USGS:Puget Sound earthquake origins