PSUSENNES II

'Titkheperure' or 'Tyetkheperre Psusennes II' [Greek Ψουσέννης], 'Hor-Pasebakhaenniut II' [Egyptian ''ḥr-p3-sb3-ḫˁỉ--nỉwt''], was the last king of the Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt. His royal name means "Image of the transformation of Re" in Egyptian.^[1] Psusennes II is often considered the same person as the High-Priest of Amun known as Psusennes III. The few contemporary attestations from his reign include a graffito in Seti I's Abydos temple, an ostracon from Umm el-Qa'ab, an affiliation at Karnak and his presumed burial – which consists of a gilded coffin with a royal uraeus and a Mummy, found in an antechamber of Psusennes I's tomb at Tanis. He was a High Priest of Amun at Thebes and the son of Pinedjem II and Istemkheb. His daughter Maatkare was the Great Royal Wife of Osorkon I.
Items which can be added to this list include a Year 5 Mummy linen that was written with the High Priest Psusennes III's name. It is generally assumed that a 'Year 13 III Peret 10+X' date in fragment 3B, line 6 of the Karnak Priestly Annals belongs to his reign.^[2] Unfortunately, however, the king's name is not stated and the only thing which is certain is that the fragment must be dated after Siamun's reign whose Year 17 is mentioned in lines 3-5.^[3] Hence, it belongs to either Psusennes II or possibly Shoshenq I's reign. More impressive are the number of objects which associate Psusennes II together with his successor, Shoshenq I, such as an old statue of Thutmose III which contains two parallel columns of texts – one referring to Psusennes II and the other to Shoshenq I – a recently unearthed block from Basta which preserves the nomen of Shoshenq I together with the prenomen of Psusennes II, and a now lost graffito from Theban Tomb 18.^[4] Recently, however, scholars have generally concluded that a Year 19 Psusennes date from the Large Dakhla stela belongs to his reign rather than Psusennes I as was traditionally thought on geneaological grounds.

Contents

Reign Length

Psusennes II's timeline

References

Reign Length

Unlike his immediate predecessor and successor – Siamun and Shoshenq I respectively– Psusennes II is generally less well attested in contemporary historical records even though various versions of Manetho's Epitome credits him with either a 14 or a 35 year reign, (generally amended to 15 years by most scholars including the British Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen).^[5] However, the German scholar Rolf Krauss has recently argued that Psusennes II's reign was 24 years rather than Manetho's original figure of 14 years.^[6] This is based on personal information recorded in the Large Dakhla stela which dates to Year 5 of Shoshenq I; the stela preserves a reference to a land-register from ''Year 19 of a Pharaoh Psusennes''.
In Year 5 of Shoshenq I, this king and the founder of the 22nd Dynasty dispatched a certain Ma (ie. Libyan) subordinate named Wayheset to the desert oasis town of Dakhla in order to restore the king's authority over the western oasis region of Upper Egypt. Wayheset's titles include Prince and Governor of the Oasis. His activities are recorded in the Large Dakhla stela.^[7] This stela states that Wayheset adjudicated in a certain water dispute by consulting a land-register which is explicitly dated to Year 19 of a "Pharaoh Psusennes" in order to determine the water rights of a man named Nysu-Bastet.^[8] Kitchen notes that this individual filed made an appeal to the Year 19 cadastral land-register of king Psusennes which belonged to his mother which historians assumed was made some "80 years" ago during the reign of Psusennes I.^[7] The land register recorded that certain water rights were formerly owned by Nysu-Bastet's mother Tewhunet in Year 19 of a king Psusennes. This ruler was generally assumed by Egyptologists to be Psusennes I rather than Psusennes II since the latter's reign was believed to have lasted only 14-15 years. Based on the land register evidence, Wayheset ordered that these watering rights should now be granted to Nysu-Bastet himself. However, if the oracle dated to Year 19 of Psusennes I as many scholars traditionally assumed, Nysu-Bastet would have been separated from his mother by a total of 80 years from this date into Year 5 of Shoshenq I--a figure which is highly unlikely since Nysu-Bastet would not have waited until extreme old age to uphold his mother's watering rights. This implies that the aforementioned king Psusennes here must be identified with Psusennes II instead--Shoshenq I's immediate predecessor and, more significantly--that Psusennes II enjoyed a minimum reign of 19 years.
Another scholar named Helen Jacquet Gordon thought that the large Dakhla stela belonged instead to Shoshenq III's reign due to its use of the title 'Pharaoh' directly with the king's birth name as in "'Pharaoh Shoshenq'" which was an important palaeographical development in Egyptian history. Throughout the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt, the word pharaoh was never employed as a title--such as Mr. or Mrs.--and attached to a king's nomen such as ''Pharaoh Ramesses'' or ''Pharaoh Shoshenq''; instead, the word 'pr-`3' or pharaoh was used as a noun to refer to the activities of the king instead. (ie: Pharaoh ordered the creation of a temples or statue, or the digging of a well, etc) Rolf Krauss aptly observes that the earliest attested use of the word pharaoh as a title is documented in Year 17 of the 21st Dynasty king Siamun from Karnak Priestly Annals fragment 3B<sup>[10]</sup> while a second use of the title ''[Pharaoh] [royal name]'' occurs during Psusennes II's reign where a hieratic graffito in the Ptah chapel of the Abydos temple of Seti I explicitly refers to Psusennes as the High Priest of Amen-Re, King of the Gods, the Leader 'Pharaoh Psusennes'.<sup>[11][12]</sup> Consequently, the practice of attaching the title ''pr-`3'' or pharaoh with a king's royal birth name had started prior to the beginning of Shoshenq I's reign. Hence, the Shoshenq mentioned in the large Year 5 Dakhla stela must have been Shoshenq I while the Psusennes mentioned in the same document likewise can only be Psusennes II which means that only 5 years (or 10 years if Psusennes II ruled Egypt for 24 years) would separate Nysu-Bastet from his mother.^[13] The additional fact that the Large Dakhla stela contains a Year 5 IV Peret day 25 lunar date which has helped date the aforementioned king Shoshenq's accession to 943 BC also demonstrates that the ruler here must be Shoshenq I, not Shoshenq III who ruled a century later.^[14]

Psusennes II's timeline

The editors of the recent 2006 book on titled 'Handbook on Ancient Egyptian Chronology'--Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss and David Warburton--accept this logical reasoning and have amended Manetho's original figure of 14 years for Psusennes II to 24 years instead to Psusennes II.^[15] This is not unprecedented since previous Egyptologists had previously amended the reign of Siamun by a decade from 9 years--as preserved in surviving copies of Manetho's Epitome--to 19 years based on certain Year 16 and Year 17 dates attested for the latter.^[3] Psusennes II certainly ruled Egypt for a minimum of 19 years based on the internal chronology of the Large Dakhla stela. However, a calculation of a lunar ''Tepi Shemu'' feast which records the induction of Hori son of Nespaneferhor into the Amun priesthood in regnal year 17 of Siamun, Psusennes II's predecessor--demonstrates that this date was equivalent to 970 BC.^[17] Since Siamun enjoyed a reign of 19 years, he would have died 2 years later in 968/967 BC and been succeeded by Psusennes II by 967 BC at the latest. Consequently, a reign of 24 years or 967-943 BC is now likely for Psusennes II; hence, his reign has been raised from 14 to 24 years.

References

1. Peter Clayton, Chronology of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994. p.178
2. K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) 3rd ed., Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd, p.423
3. Kitchen, op. cit., p.423
4. Aidan Dodson, "Psusennes II and Shoshenq I," JEA 79(1993), pp.267-268
5. K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (c.1100-650 BC), Aris & Phillips Ltd., 1996. p.531
6. Rolf Krauss, Das wrŝ-Datum aus Jahr 5 von Shoshenq [I], Discussions in Egyptology 62 (2005), pp.43-48
7. Kitchen, op. cit., p.290
8. Alan H. Gardiner, The Large Dakhla stela, JEA 19 (1930), pp.19-30
9. Kitchen, op. cit., p.290
10. J-M Kruchten, Les annales des prētres de Karnak (OLA) 1989. pp.47-48
11. M.A. Murray, The Osireion at Abydos (London, 1989), 36; pl. XXI
12. Krauss, op. cit., pp.43-44
13. Krauss, op. cit., pp.43-48
14. Krauss, DE 62, op. cit., pp.43-48
15. Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Handbook of Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p.474 & p.488
16. Kitchen, op. cit., p.423
17. Hornung, Krauss & Warburton, op. cit., p.474-475



★ Aidan Dodson, RdE 38(1987), pp.50-51.

★ Jean Yoyotte, "A propos de Psousennes II," BSSFT 1(1988).

★ '', 1991, Christian Settipani, p. 153 and 168