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'Protoscience' is a field of study that appears to conform to the initial phase of the scientific method, with information gathering and formulation of a hypothesis, but involves speculation that is either not yet experimentally falsifiable or not yet verified or accepted by a consensus of scientists.[1] A protoscience may be distinguished from other forms of speculation in that its formulation strives to remain coherent with all relevant fields of scientific research so as to achieve falsifiability and verification as soon and as accurately as possible.
The philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn first used the word in an essay, originally published in 1970:
Scientific intuition is protoscience, being the detection of new patterns — the ''eureka'' moment that allows the breakthrough in problem solving — which initiates a new line of fruitful scientific inquiry.
★ Isaac Newton is often said to have conceived of the acceleration of gravity while sitting under an apple tree and being hit on the head by a falling apple, whose height inflicted some pain. Should this story be true, this moment of insight into acceleration initiated a phase of protoscience until a hypothesis could be formulated with careful measurements and calculations that allowed experimental falsifiability, (repeatability) and verification.
★ Charles Darwin ''conceived'' of his concept of evolution when on his journey in the ship Beagle to the Galápagos Islands he noticed that finches differed from one island to another. He strongly suspected that the different species of finches must have descended from a single species that was their common ancestor. The protoscientific hypothesis continued to prove useful when other forms of animals, including apes and humans, could be explained as sharing common descent. Only recently, with other scientific fields—especially DNA analysis which verified many of his speculations—did the concept move from protoscience to science with the Theory of Evolution accepted by the consensus of the scientific community today.
Early philosophical disciplines that later evolved into branches of modern science are considered to be protosciences.
★ Aspects of alchemy served as the foundation for modern chemistry.
★ Early astrology included the study of astronomy, cf. Johannes Kepler. Modern astrology, however, is a pseudoscience.
★ The psychological sub-field of psychoanalysis is considered to be a protoscience by some, as many of its claims are not scientifically falsifiable.
Science itself evolved from the protoscience of the Renaissance Period that was then called "occult science" (), literally meaning "hidden knowledge".[2] Humans were understood to acquire true knowledge directly from God through Divine revelation. However the concept of "hidden knowledge" held that there was also true knowledge that God hid and would not reveal and intended for humans to discover on their own by human reason and effort. Thus the protoscientists of their day employed every method of pattern recognition available to them. As time went on, the term "occult" (hidden) came to refer to the unverified claims (generally psychologically symbolic or simply discredited) whereas "science" (knowledge) came to refer to the verified claims (generally mechanically predictable).
★ Philosophy of science
★ Falsifiability
★ Pathological science
★ Fringe science
★ Obsolete scientific theories
★ Emergent philosophy
★ Natural magic
★ Pseudoscience
★ List of pseudoscientific theories
;Citations and notes
1. Dictionary.com
2. Richard Kieckhefer, ''Magic in the Middle Ages'' (Illinois: Northwestern University) 2000. ISBN 0-521-78576-6.
;General information
★ H Holcomb, ''Moving Beyond Just-So Stories: Evolutionary Psychology as Protoscience''. Skeptic Magazine, 1996.
★ D Hartmann, ''Protoscience and Reconstruction''. Journal of General Philosophy of Science, 1996.
★ R Tuomela, ''Science, Protoscience and Pseudoscience''. Rational Changes in Science.
★ JA Campbell, ''On artificial intelligence''. Artificial Intelligence Review, 1986.
★ G Kennedy, ''Psychoanalysis: Protoscience and Metapsychology''. 1959.
★ AC Maffei, ''Psychoanalysis: Protoscience Or Science?''. 1969.
★ N Psarros, ''The Constructive Approach to the Philosophy of Chemistry''. Epistemologia, 1995.
★ Protoscience Wikicity
★ Questions to help distinguish a pseudoscience from a protoscience
| Contents |
| History of the term |
| Examples |
| See also |
| References |
| External links |
History of the term
The philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn first used the word in an essay, originally published in 1970:
Examples
Scientific intuition is protoscience, being the detection of new patterns — the ''eureka'' moment that allows the breakthrough in problem solving — which initiates a new line of fruitful scientific inquiry.
★ Isaac Newton is often said to have conceived of the acceleration of gravity while sitting under an apple tree and being hit on the head by a falling apple, whose height inflicted some pain. Should this story be true, this moment of insight into acceleration initiated a phase of protoscience until a hypothesis could be formulated with careful measurements and calculations that allowed experimental falsifiability, (repeatability) and verification.
★ Charles Darwin ''conceived'' of his concept of evolution when on his journey in the ship Beagle to the Galápagos Islands he noticed that finches differed from one island to another. He strongly suspected that the different species of finches must have descended from a single species that was their common ancestor. The protoscientific hypothesis continued to prove useful when other forms of animals, including apes and humans, could be explained as sharing common descent. Only recently, with other scientific fields—especially DNA analysis which verified many of his speculations—did the concept move from protoscience to science with the Theory of Evolution accepted by the consensus of the scientific community today.
Early philosophical disciplines that later evolved into branches of modern science are considered to be protosciences.
★ Aspects of alchemy served as the foundation for modern chemistry.
★ Early astrology included the study of astronomy, cf. Johannes Kepler. Modern astrology, however, is a pseudoscience.
★ The psychological sub-field of psychoanalysis is considered to be a protoscience by some, as many of its claims are not scientifically falsifiable.
Science itself evolved from the protoscience of the Renaissance Period that was then called "occult science" (), literally meaning "hidden knowledge".[2] Humans were understood to acquire true knowledge directly from God through Divine revelation. However the concept of "hidden knowledge" held that there was also true knowledge that God hid and would not reveal and intended for humans to discover on their own by human reason and effort. Thus the protoscientists of their day employed every method of pattern recognition available to them. As time went on, the term "occult" (hidden) came to refer to the unverified claims (generally psychologically symbolic or simply discredited) whereas "science" (knowledge) came to refer to the verified claims (generally mechanically predictable).
See also
★ Philosophy of science
★ Falsifiability
★ Pathological science
★ Fringe science
★ Obsolete scientific theories
★ Emergent philosophy
★ Natural magic
★ Pseudoscience
★ List of pseudoscientific theories
References
;Citations and notes
1. Dictionary.com
2. Richard Kieckhefer, ''Magic in the Middle Ages'' (Illinois: Northwestern University) 2000. ISBN 0-521-78576-6.
;General information
★ H Holcomb, ''Moving Beyond Just-So Stories: Evolutionary Psychology as Protoscience''. Skeptic Magazine, 1996.
★ D Hartmann, ''Protoscience and Reconstruction''. Journal of General Philosophy of Science, 1996.
★ R Tuomela, ''Science, Protoscience and Pseudoscience''. Rational Changes in Science.
★ JA Campbell, ''On artificial intelligence''. Artificial Intelligence Review, 1986.
★ G Kennedy, ''Psychoanalysis: Protoscience and Metapsychology''. 1959.
★ AC Maffei, ''Psychoanalysis: Protoscience Or Science?''. 1969.
★ N Psarros, ''The Constructive Approach to the Philosophy of Chemistry''. Epistemologia, 1995.
External links
★ Protoscience Wikicity
★ Questions to help distinguish a pseudoscience from a protoscience
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