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A 'prestige dialect' is the dialect spoken by the most prestigious people in a speech community which is large enough to sustain more than one dialect. The study of prestige in language use is an important part of sociolinguistics.
The most prestigious people are those with the greatest influence on the community. This influence may derive from economic, political, or social power. Prestige is not always overt; covert prestige may be significant too. There may be a tendency to align one's own use of language (idiolect) to that of a favoured dialect (positive prestige), or to move away from a dialect of low esteem (negative prestige). Studies, particularly by Labov, have shown that positive prestige is more often overt, whilst negative prestige is more often covert (avoidance of the unmentionable). Sociologically, women of the lower middle-class are more likely to notice and adopt overt positive prestige. Among working-class men, there may sometimes be a covert preference for negative prestige.
In nations with a colonial history the prestige dialect is often close to the prestige dialect of the colonising community although it may fossilise at the point of secession.
Where creolisation has taken place, the superstrate language operates as an extreme prestige dialect, which may effect great influence, including, in extreme case, the decreolisation of the creole language into the prestige language.
When a prestige dialect is prescribed as the norm by dominant institutions it is also a standard dialect. Broadcast media have been particularly effective at defining standard dialects.
★ 'English' In the United Kingdom and in many parts of the Commonwealth of Nations, Standard English is the prestige dialect. (This should not be confused with BBC English, or Received Pronunciation, as these terms refer to accent, not dialect, though this also plays an important role in social prestige.)
The United States is said to have no single prestige dialect . In the early part of the 20th century, though, Mid-Atlantic English was a prestige dialect, especially in film .
★ 'Bengali' Bengali as spoken in Kolkata is the prestige dialect, as opposed to that spoken in the hinterland in either East or West Bengal.
★ 'Spanish' In the Spanish-speaking world there is no single prestige dialect: instead, the variety used in the capital city is usually the prestige dialect of each country (for example, Peruvian Coast Spanish in Peru, or Rioplatense Spanish in Argentina and Uruguay).
★ 'Chinese' In the Greater China area, Standard Mandarin Chinese, which is based on the Beijing dialect, is usually regarded as the prestige dialect.
★ 'French' Educated Parisian French has generally been taken as the prestige dialect of Metropolitan France, though the position is less clear among speakers of other national dialects such as Quebec French.
★ 'Hindi' Among the Hindi-speaking states of India, Khariboli is the prestige dialect (of Hindi).
★ 'Arabic' Modern Standard Arabic is the prestige dialect of the Arabic-speaking countries, although in contrast to other prestige dialects, it is not used in day-to-day conversation, but rather as a language of the media and as a written language.
★ 'Hebrew' In Israel, Hebrew was revived as a spoken language in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Israeli Hebrew is now regarded as the prestige dialect for the language, combining the traditional Ashkenazi (Eastern European) and Sephardi (largely Spanish/Portuguese) dialects, along with significant influence from various other Jewish dialects and languages such as Yiddish, Temani, and Ladino.
★ 'Portuguese' In Brazil, the variants from the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro may be considered "prestige dialects" , especially for their being used in national news broadcasts; however, those variants used for television usually substitute the dental ''t'' and ''d'' of the São Paulo variant for the more widespread palatalised allophone and the post-alveolar fricative (written ''s'') used in Rio de Janeiro for the more usual alveolar fricative /s/, both substitutions characteristic of the variant from the State of Minas Gerais.
★ 'Ukrainian' In Ukraine, quite a few dialects of Ukrainian are in common daily use and are considered to be equally prestigious, with a local dialect being favoured in certain areas. Surzhyk, on the other hand, is universally perceived as unprestigious.
★ 'Russian' - the standard language is based on (but not identical to) the Moscow dialect, which is also the prestigious and universally understood and accepted dialect in Russia.
★ 'Bulgarian' - the standard language is based almost entirely on the eastern dialects, nevertheless they are universally considered unprestigious. The dialect of the capital Sofia, which is a mixture of the local Shopski dialects and the standard language, is the prestige dialect. It has various deviations from the literary language (more than the eastern dialects) - phonological, lexical and especially grammatical, but it is erroneously perceived by people from all over Bulgaria as closer to the standard language than most other dialects (including the eastern). This paradox is due to the leading position of Sofia in modern Bulgaria, the mass media (especially the television where most speakers use the dialect of the capital), the fact that the western dialects have almost no vowel reduction in contrast with the eastern and thus are more clearly enunciated, and the fact that grammatical errors are more difficult to detect than phonological .
It is not uncommon for speakers of a particular dialect, especially a regional dialect which has historically not been regarded as a prestige dialect, to claim that their dialect is in fact a distinct language. This enables them to distance it from the dominant dialect, and to establish prestige and pride in their own variety of the language. Such moves have been made for Scots as distinct from English. Similar issues have affected perceptions of the language (or languages) commonly called Serbo-Croatian during the 20th century.
See Dialect
# The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, , Kenneth G, Wilson, Columbia University Press, 1993,
# Krasimira Alexova - Language attitudes (in Bulgarian)
★ Objectivity and commitment in linguistic science; the case of the Black English trial in Ann Arbor, , W., Labov, Language in Society, 1982
| Contents |
| Social prestige and the role of language |
| Particular prestige dialects |
| Dialect and language |
| References |
Social prestige and the role of language
The most prestigious people are those with the greatest influence on the community. This influence may derive from economic, political, or social power. Prestige is not always overt; covert prestige may be significant too. There may be a tendency to align one's own use of language (idiolect) to that of a favoured dialect (positive prestige), or to move away from a dialect of low esteem (negative prestige). Studies, particularly by Labov, have shown that positive prestige is more often overt, whilst negative prestige is more often covert (avoidance of the unmentionable). Sociologically, women of the lower middle-class are more likely to notice and adopt overt positive prestige. Among working-class men, there may sometimes be a covert preference for negative prestige.
In nations with a colonial history the prestige dialect is often close to the prestige dialect of the colonising community although it may fossilise at the point of secession.
Where creolisation has taken place, the superstrate language operates as an extreme prestige dialect, which may effect great influence, including, in extreme case, the decreolisation of the creole language into the prestige language.
When a prestige dialect is prescribed as the norm by dominant institutions it is also a standard dialect. Broadcast media have been particularly effective at defining standard dialects.
Particular prestige dialects
★ 'English' In the United Kingdom and in many parts of the Commonwealth of Nations, Standard English is the prestige dialect. (This should not be confused with BBC English, or Received Pronunciation, as these terms refer to accent, not dialect, though this also plays an important role in social prestige.)
The United States is said to have no single prestige dialect . In the early part of the 20th century, though, Mid-Atlantic English was a prestige dialect, especially in film .
★ 'Bengali' Bengali as spoken in Kolkata is the prestige dialect, as opposed to that spoken in the hinterland in either East or West Bengal.
★ 'Spanish' In the Spanish-speaking world there is no single prestige dialect: instead, the variety used in the capital city is usually the prestige dialect of each country (for example, Peruvian Coast Spanish in Peru, or Rioplatense Spanish in Argentina and Uruguay).
★ 'Chinese' In the Greater China area, Standard Mandarin Chinese, which is based on the Beijing dialect, is usually regarded as the prestige dialect.
★ 'French' Educated Parisian French has generally been taken as the prestige dialect of Metropolitan France, though the position is less clear among speakers of other national dialects such as Quebec French.
★ 'Hindi' Among the Hindi-speaking states of India, Khariboli is the prestige dialect (of Hindi).
★ 'Arabic' Modern Standard Arabic is the prestige dialect of the Arabic-speaking countries, although in contrast to other prestige dialects, it is not used in day-to-day conversation, but rather as a language of the media and as a written language.
★ 'Hebrew' In Israel, Hebrew was revived as a spoken language in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Israeli Hebrew is now regarded as the prestige dialect for the language, combining the traditional Ashkenazi (Eastern European) and Sephardi (largely Spanish/Portuguese) dialects, along with significant influence from various other Jewish dialects and languages such as Yiddish, Temani, and Ladino.
★ 'Portuguese' In Brazil, the variants from the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro may be considered "prestige dialects" , especially for their being used in national news broadcasts; however, those variants used for television usually substitute the dental ''t'' and ''d'' of the São Paulo variant for the more widespread palatalised allophone and the post-alveolar fricative (written ''s'') used in Rio de Janeiro for the more usual alveolar fricative /s/, both substitutions characteristic of the variant from the State of Minas Gerais.
★ 'Ukrainian' In Ukraine, quite a few dialects of Ukrainian are in common daily use and are considered to be equally prestigious, with a local dialect being favoured in certain areas. Surzhyk, on the other hand, is universally perceived as unprestigious.
★ 'Russian' - the standard language is based on (but not identical to) the Moscow dialect, which is also the prestigious and universally understood and accepted dialect in Russia.
★ 'Bulgarian' - the standard language is based almost entirely on the eastern dialects, nevertheless they are universally considered unprestigious. The dialect of the capital Sofia, which is a mixture of the local Shopski dialects and the standard language, is the prestige dialect. It has various deviations from the literary language (more than the eastern dialects) - phonological, lexical and especially grammatical, but it is erroneously perceived by people from all over Bulgaria as closer to the standard language than most other dialects (including the eastern). This paradox is due to the leading position of Sofia in modern Bulgaria, the mass media (especially the television where most speakers use the dialect of the capital), the fact that the western dialects have almost no vowel reduction in contrast with the eastern and thus are more clearly enunciated, and the fact that grammatical errors are more difficult to detect than phonological .
Dialect and language
It is not uncommon for speakers of a particular dialect, especially a regional dialect which has historically not been regarded as a prestige dialect, to claim that their dialect is in fact a distinct language. This enables them to distance it from the dominant dialect, and to establish prestige and pride in their own variety of the language. Such moves have been made for Scots as distinct from English. Similar issues have affected perceptions of the language (or languages) commonly called Serbo-Croatian during the 20th century.
See Dialect
References
# The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, , Kenneth G, Wilson, Columbia University Press, 1993,
# Krasimira Alexova - Language attitudes (in Bulgarian)
★ Objectivity and commitment in linguistic science; the case of the Black English trial in Ann Arbor, , W., Labov, Language in Society, 1982
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