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'Pope Alexander IV' (c. 1199 – May 25, 1261), born 'Rinaldo Conti', was Pope from 1254 until his death,
A native of Anagni, he was, like Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) and Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241), a member of the family of the counts of Segni. His uncle Gregory IX made him Cardinal Deacon in 1227 and Bishop of Ostia in 1231. On the death of Pope Innocent IV (1243-1254) he was elected Pope at Naples on December 12, 1254.
Alexander IV is described as a stout man, kindly, cheerful, but of no great brilliancy. He succeeded Innocent IV as guardian of Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufen, promising him his benevolent protection; but in less than a fortnight he conspired against him and bitterly opposed Conradin's uncle Manfred. Alexander IV fulminated with excommunication and interdict against the party of Manfred, but in vain; nor could he enlist the Kings of England and Norway in a crusade against the Hohenstaufen. Rome itself became too Ghibelline for the Pope, who withdrew to Viterbo, where he died in 1261. He was buried in Viterbo Cathedral, but his tomb was destroyed during sixteenth century renovations.
His pontificate was signalized by efforts to unite the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, by the establishment of the Inquisition in France, by favours shown to the mendicant orders, and by an attempt to organize a crusade against the Tatars after the second raid against Poland in 1259.

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★ Battle of Ain Jalut