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:''"Plane tree" redirects here. In mathematics, "plane tree" refers to a tree embedded in the plane.''
The genus '''Platanus''' is a small genus of trees native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are the sole members of the family 'Platanaceae'.
They are all large trees to 30–50 m tall, deciduous (except for ''P. kerrii''), and are mostly found in riparian or other wetland habitats in the wild, though proving drought tolerant in cultivation away from streams.
They are known as 'planes' in Europe, and as 'sycamores' in North America. Elsewhere, the name "sycamore" refers to either the fig ''Ficus sycomorus'' (the species originally so named), or the Great Maple, Acer pseudoplatanus.

Contents

Natural history

Phylogeny

Species

Diseases

Notes

References

External links

Natural history

The flowers are reduced and are borne in balls (globose head); 3–7 hairy sepals may be fused at base, and the petals are 3–7 (or no) and spathulate. Male and female flowers are separate, but on the same plant (monoecious). The number of heads in one cluster (inflorescence) is indicative of the species (see table below). The male flower has with 3–8 stamens; the female has a superior ovary with 3–7 carpels. Plane trees are wind-pollinated. Male balls fall off the branch after shedding their pollen. The female flowers, on the other hand, remain attached to the branch firmly.
After being pollinated, the female flowers become achenes that aggregate on the ball. Typically, the core of the ball is 1 cm in diameter and is covered with a net of mesh 1 mm, which can be peeled off. The ball is 2.5–4 cm in diameter and contains several hundred achenes, each of which has a single seed and is conical, with the point attached downward to the net at the surface of the ball. There is also a tuft of many thin stiff yellow-green bristle fibers attached to the base of each achene. These bristles help in wind dispersion of the fruits like dandelion.
The mature bark peels (exfoliates) off easily in irregularly shaped patches, producing a mottled, scaly appearance. Very old bark may not flake off, but can crack instead. The base of the leaf stalk (petiole) is enlarged and completely wraps around the young stem bud in its axil. The bud will be exposed only after the leaf falls off.

Phylogeny

There are two subgenera, subgenus ''Castaneophyllum'' containing the anomalous ''P. kerrii'', and subgenus ''Platanus'', with all the others; recent studies in Mexico^[1] have increased the number of accepted species in this subgenus. Within subgenus ''Platanus'', genetic evidence suggests that ''P. racemosa'' is more closely related to ''P. orientalis'' than it is to the other North American species.^[2] There are fossil records of plane trees as early as 115 million years (the Lower Cretaceous). Despite the geographic separation between North America and Europe, species from these continents will cross readily resulting in fertile hybrids such as the London Plane.

Species

The following are recognized species of plane trees:

Scientific name	Common name	Distribution	flowerheads	Notes
''Platanus chiapensis''	Chiapas Plane	southeast Mexico	?	Subgenus ''Platanus''
''Platanus gentryi''	Gentry's Plane	western Mexico	?	Subgenus ''Platanus''
''Platanus × hispanica'' (''P. occidentalis'' × ''P. orientalis''; syn. ''P. × acerifolia'')	London Plane	Cultivated origin	1-6	Subgenus ''Platanus''
''Platanus kerrii''	Kerr's Plane	Laos, Vietnam	10-12	Subgenus ''Castaneophyllum''
''Platanus mexicana''	Mexican Plane	northeast and central Mexico	2-4	Subgenus ''Platanus''
''Platanus oaxacana''	Oaxaca Plane	southern Mexico	?	Subgenus ''Platanus''
''Platanus occidentalis''	American Sycamore, American Plane or Buttonwood	eastern North America	1-2	Subgenus ''Platanus''
''Platanus orientalis''	Oriental Plane	southeast Europe, southwest Asia	3-6	Subgenus ''Platanus''
''Platanus racemosa''	California Sycamore	California	3-7	Subgenus ''Platanus''
''Platanus rzedowskii''	Rzedowski's Plane	eastern Mexico	?	Subgenus ''Platanus''
''Platanus wrightii''	Arizona Sycamore	Arizona, New Mexico, northwest Mexico	2-4	Subgenus ''Platanus''

Diseases

Planes are susceptible to Plane Anthracnose ''Apiognomonia veneta'', a fungal disease that can defoliate the trees in some years. The worst infections are associated with cold, wet spring weather. ''P. occidentalis'' and the other American species are the most susceptible, with ''P. orientalis'' the most resistant. The hybrid London Plane is intermediate in resistance. ''Platanus'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Setaceous Hebrew Character.

Notes

1. Nixon & Poole 2003
2. Feng et al. 2005

References

★ Feng, Y.; Oh, S.-H., & Manos, P. S. (2005). Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of the Genus Platanus as Inferred From Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA. ''Syst. Bot.'' 30 (4): 786-799 abstract

★ Nixon, K. C. & Poole, J. M. (2003). Revision of the Mexican and Guatemalan species of Platanus (Platanaceae). ''Lundellia'' 6: 103-137 abstract.

External links

★ Botany of Plane trees

★ Flora of North America: ''Platanus''

★ Photos with descriptions

★ ''A developmental and evolutionary analysis of embryology in Platanus (platanaceae), abasal eudicot'', abstract of article by Sandra K. Floyd et al. in ''American Journal of Botany'', 1999;86:1523-1537.