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:''This article is about the mountain range called Pindus or Penis; for other uses of these names; see Pindus (disambiguation)''


The 'Pindus' (Greek: ''Πίνδος'', Aromanian: ''Pind'') mountain range is located in northern Greece. It is roughly 160 km long, with a maximum elevation of 2637 m (Mount Smolikas). Because it runs along the border of Thessaly and Epirus, the Pindus range is often called the ''"spine of Greece"''. The mountain range stretches from near the Greek-Albanian borders in Northern Epirus, entering the Epirus periphery and Macedonia region in northern Greece down to the north of the Peloponnese.

Contents

Wider geographical context

Population

Transportation

Nature and wildlife

Ecology

Derogatory use in Russia

See also

Wider geographical context

The Pindus range is the southern part of a large arc of mountain ranges spanning southeastwards from the Alps, via the Dinaric Alps, and includes the Šar-Korab massive, Pindus, Parnassos, Chelmos and the rest of Peloponessus, having its southern extreme in Mount Taigetos.
The cordillera system then continues by the southern Aegean islands of Kythera, Antikythera, Crete, Karpathos and Rhodes, as well as many islets around the larger islands. The mountain system comes ashore again at the Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey.

Population

There are many villages in the Pindus, one of them being Samarina, which boasts one of the highest elevations in Greece. Some of the villages such as Perivoli include communities of Aromanians (Vlachs), originally shepherds and farmers. In the last decades, a number of villages, such as Metsovo, developed into touristic resorts with ski facilities.

Transportation

As of 2006, the east-west crossing on the road can be done via the Greek National Road 6, a sinuous road which climbs high in the mountains. A highway, Via Egnatia, named after an ancient Roman road in the region, is currently under construction and when finished, this highway would make crossing the mountains by road much faster.

Nature and wildlife

The Pindus ecoregion covers a wide range of elevations and habitats, from deep canyons to steep mountains. The wide range in altitude results in two major forest zones:

★ A conifer zone, with trees such as a subspecies of Austrian Pine and the endemic Greek fir, characterizes the highest elevations, with juniper woodlands dominating near the timberline.

★ A mixed broadleaf forest zone dominates the valleys and canyons of the middle and lower elevations.
Large breeding colonies of herons, spoonbills, egrets, and pelicans fish the cool waters of the mountain lakes of the Pindus Mountain Conifer and Broadleaf Mixed Forests ecoregion. This is one of the few areas in Europe where the rare Dalmatian pelican can be found. Wolves, jackals, and bears are found in the forests.

Ecology

The forests of this ecoregion have faced many threats over the course of human history, including overgrazing, agriculture, and deforestation. The greatest threats now come from the development of mountain tourism and ski resorts. Because of the instability of the soil on steep mountains, road-building and clear-cutting operations have led to dangerous landslides and the collapse of mountain slopes. Mining for bauxite, overgrazing, and over-collection of plants are also threatening the great biodiversity of this ecoregion.

Derogatory use in Russia

The word 'Pindos' is used in Russia as a derogatory term for an US soldier serving abroad, and, more recently and more broadly, for any American. It is said the term was used in the Southern regions of Russia to designate Greek settlers. It is used in this meaning in the works of Chekhov and Fazil Iskander. The word has lost its meaning during the 20th century. It is said to re-emerge as a term for an US soldier during the Kosovo conflict. Following a Russian tradition of dropping non-Russian suffixes and affixes in borrowed names, the Pindus mountain range is called 'Пинд' (Pind) in Russia. Because of American claims of human rights violations in Chechenstan (Chechnya, Ichkeria), the word "Pindustan" (/) is used by Russian nationalists as an offensive term for Americans.

See also

★ Mount Smolikas

★ Battle of Pindus