PERIPLUS

A '''periplus''' (περίπλους, literally "a sailing-around' in Greek, roughly corresponding to the Latin '''navigatio''', a "ship-voyage") in the ancient navigation of Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans was a manuscript document that listed in order the ports and coastal landmarks, with approximate distances between, that the captain of a vessel could expect to find along a shore. Several examples of ''periploi'' have survived:

★ The ''Periplus'' of Hanno the Navigator, a 6th century BCE Carthaginian colonist and explorer, described the coast of Africa from present-day Morocco deep into the Gulf of Guinea.

★ The ''Massaliote Periplus'', a description of trade routes along the coasts of Atlantic Europe, possibly dating to the 6th century BCE

★ Pytheas of Massilia, (4th century BCE) ''On the Ocean'' (Περί του Ωκεανού), has not survived; only excerpts remain, quoted or paraphrased by later authors.

★ The ''Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax'', generally thought to date to the 4th or 3rd century BCE.

★ The ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' was written by a Romanized Alexandrian in the 1st century CE. It gives the shoreline itinerary of the Red (''Erythraean'') Sea, starting each time at the port of Berenice. Beyond the Red Sea, the manuscript describes the coast of India as far as the Ganges River and the east coast of Africa (called ''Azania'').

★ The ''Periplus Ponti Euxini'', a description of trade routes along the coasts of the Black Sea, written by Arrian in the early 2nd century AD.
A ''periplus'' was also an ancient naval manoeuvre in which attacking triremes would outflank or encircle the defenders in order to attack them in the rear.

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Reference

Reference

★ Diller, Aubrey (1952) ''The tradition of the minor Greek geographers'' [New York] : American Philological Association ; Lancaster, Pa. : Lancaster Press, 1952.
Note: 'The second part gives a critical text of the Periplus, with prolegomena and commentary' - 'Periplus Ponti Euxini'.