العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
EspañolPATRILINEALITY
(Redirected from Patrilineal descent)
'Patrilineality' (a.k.a. ''agnatic kinship'') is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage; it generally involves the inheritance of property, names or titles through the male line as well.
A 'patriline' is a line of descent from a male ancestor to a descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are male. In a patrilineal descent system (= ''agnatic descent''), an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as his or her father. This is in contrast to the less common pattern of matrilineal descent.
The 'agnatic' ancestry of an individual is that person's pure male ancestry.
An ''agnate'' is one's genetic relative exclusively through males: a kinsman with whom one has a common ancestor by descent in unbroken male line.
In cultural anthropology, a 'patrilineage' (or 'patriclan') is a consanguineal male and female kin group each of whom is related to the common ancestor through male forebears.
Contrary to popular belief, one's agnate may be male or female, provided that the kinship is calculated patrilineally, i.e., only through male ancestors.[1] Traditionally, this concept is applied in determining the names and membership of European dynasties. For instance, because Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom was married to a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, her son and successor, Edward VII, was a member of that dynasty, and is considered the first British king of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. (And so, technically, are his descendants in the male line; see Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II.) But Victoria is reckoned to have belonged to her father's House of Hanover, despite her marriage and the fact that by marriage she legally became a member of the Saxon dynasty and acquired the surname of that family (Wettin). Agnatically, she was a Hanover, and is considered the last member of that dynasty to reign over Britain.
In medieval and later Europe, the Salic Law was purported to be the grounds for only males being able for hereditary succession to monarchies and fiefs, i.e in patrilineal or agnatic succession.
The fact that the Y chromosome (Y-DNA) is paternally inherited enables patrilines, and agnatic kinships, of men to be traced through genetic analysis.
Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-mrca) is the patrilineal human most recent common ancestor, from whom all Y-DNA in living men is descended. Y-chromosomal Adam probably lived between 60,000 and 90,000 years ago, judging from molecular clock and genetic marker studies.
In ancient medicine there was a dispute between the one-seed theory, expounded by Aristotle, and the two-seed theory of Galen. By the one-seed theory, the germ of every embryo is contained entirely in the male seed, and the role of the mother is simply as an incubator and provider of food: on this view only a patrilineal relative is genetically related. By the two-seed theory, the embryo is not conceived unless the male and female seed meet: this implies a bilineal, or cognatic, theory of relationship. It may be significant that Galen lived at about the same time that Roman law changed from the agnate to the cognate system of relationships.
Common to both theories was the mistaken belief that the female emits seed only when she comes to orgasm. Given that assumption, the evidence for the one-seed theory is the fact that a woman can conceive without coming to orgasm (though this was still a matter of dispute in the ancient world and the Middle Ages[2]). The evidence for the two-seed theory is the fact that a person can look like his or her maternal relatives. These two facts could not be reconciled until the discovery of ovulation.
The terms "agnate" (for patrilineal relatives) and "cognate" (for all relatives equally) are taken from Roman law. In Roman times, all citizens were divided by ''gens'' (clan) and ''familia'' (sept), determined on a purely patrilineal basis, in the same way as the modern inheritance of surnames. (The ''gens'' was the larger unit, and was divided into several ''familiae'': a person called "Gaius Iulius Caesar" belonged to the Julian ''gens'' and the Caesar family.)
In the early Republic, inheritance could only occur within the family, and was therefore purely agnatic. In Imperial times, this was changed by the Praetorian edict, giving paternal and maternal relatives equal rights.
The line of descent for monarchs and main personalities is almost exclusively through the main male personalities. Tribal descent, such as whether one is a kohen or a Levite, is still inherited patrilineally in Judaism, as is communal identity as a Sephardi or Ashkenazi Jew. This contrasts with the rule for inheritance of Jewish status in Orthodox Judaism, which is matrilineal. See Davidic line and Matrilineality in Judaism.
★ Matrilineality
★ Hypodescent
★ Hyperdescent
★ Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II - an example.
1. A Kinship Glossary: Symbols, Terms, and Concepts
2. In some cultures a rapist could not be convicted if his victim had conceived, as this was taken as evidence that she had come to orgasm and therefore welcomed his attentions.
'Patrilineality' (a.k.a. ''agnatic kinship'') is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage; it generally involves the inheritance of property, names or titles through the male line as well.
A 'patriline' is a line of descent from a male ancestor to a descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are male. In a patrilineal descent system (= ''agnatic descent''), an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as his or her father. This is in contrast to the less common pattern of matrilineal descent.
The 'agnatic' ancestry of an individual is that person's pure male ancestry.
An ''agnate'' is one's genetic relative exclusively through males: a kinsman with whom one has a common ancestor by descent in unbroken male line.
In cultural anthropology, a 'patrilineage' (or 'patriclan') is a consanguineal male and female kin group each of whom is related to the common ancestor through male forebears.
Contrary to popular belief, one's agnate may be male or female, provided that the kinship is calculated patrilineally, i.e., only through male ancestors.[1] Traditionally, this concept is applied in determining the names and membership of European dynasties. For instance, because Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom was married to a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, her son and successor, Edward VII, was a member of that dynasty, and is considered the first British king of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. (And so, technically, are his descendants in the male line; see Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II.) But Victoria is reckoned to have belonged to her father's House of Hanover, despite her marriage and the fact that by marriage she legally became a member of the Saxon dynasty and acquired the surname of that family (Wettin). Agnatically, she was a Hanover, and is considered the last member of that dynasty to reign over Britain.
In medieval and later Europe, the Salic Law was purported to be the grounds for only males being able for hereditary succession to monarchies and fiefs, i.e in patrilineal or agnatic succession.
| Contents |
| Genetic genealogy |
| Early medical theories |
| Roman law |
| In the Bible |
| See also |
| References |
Genetic genealogy
The fact that the Y chromosome (Y-DNA) is paternally inherited enables patrilines, and agnatic kinships, of men to be traced through genetic analysis.
Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-mrca) is the patrilineal human most recent common ancestor, from whom all Y-DNA in living men is descended. Y-chromosomal Adam probably lived between 60,000 and 90,000 years ago, judging from molecular clock and genetic marker studies.
Early medical theories
In ancient medicine there was a dispute between the one-seed theory, expounded by Aristotle, and the two-seed theory of Galen. By the one-seed theory, the germ of every embryo is contained entirely in the male seed, and the role of the mother is simply as an incubator and provider of food: on this view only a patrilineal relative is genetically related. By the two-seed theory, the embryo is not conceived unless the male and female seed meet: this implies a bilineal, or cognatic, theory of relationship. It may be significant that Galen lived at about the same time that Roman law changed from the agnate to the cognate system of relationships.
Common to both theories was the mistaken belief that the female emits seed only when she comes to orgasm. Given that assumption, the evidence for the one-seed theory is the fact that a woman can conceive without coming to orgasm (though this was still a matter of dispute in the ancient world and the Middle Ages[2]). The evidence for the two-seed theory is the fact that a person can look like his or her maternal relatives. These two facts could not be reconciled until the discovery of ovulation.
Roman law
The terms "agnate" (for patrilineal relatives) and "cognate" (for all relatives equally) are taken from Roman law. In Roman times, all citizens were divided by ''gens'' (clan) and ''familia'' (sept), determined on a purely patrilineal basis, in the same way as the modern inheritance of surnames. (The ''gens'' was the larger unit, and was divided into several ''familiae'': a person called "Gaius Iulius Caesar" belonged to the Julian ''gens'' and the Caesar family.)
In the early Republic, inheritance could only occur within the family, and was therefore purely agnatic. In Imperial times, this was changed by the Praetorian edict, giving paternal and maternal relatives equal rights.
In the Bible
The line of descent for monarchs and main personalities is almost exclusively through the main male personalities. Tribal descent, such as whether one is a kohen or a Levite, is still inherited patrilineally in Judaism, as is communal identity as a Sephardi or Ashkenazi Jew. This contrasts with the rule for inheritance of Jewish status in Orthodox Judaism, which is matrilineal. See Davidic line and Matrilineality in Judaism.
See also
★ Matrilineality
★ Hypodescent
★ Hyperdescent
★ Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II - an example.
References
1. A Kinship Glossary: Symbols, Terms, and Concepts
2. In some cultures a rapist could not be convicted if his victim had conceived, as this was taken as evidence that she had come to orgasm and therefore welcomed his attentions.
This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.
psst.. try this: add to faves
