 | CAN AKIN - KOREAN LEE JUN - Mogolistan - Mongolian - Монгол http://www.turklider.org/TR/EditModule.aspx?tabid=1038&mid=8373&ItemID=5427&ItemIndex=27 Mongolia (Mongolian: Монгол улс) is the world's second-largest landlocked country after Kazakhstan. It is typically classified as being a part of East Asia, although sometimes it is considered part of Central Asia, and the northern rim of historical Mongolia extends into North Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. Mongolia's political system is parliamentary republic. Its capital and largest city is Ulan Bator (Ulaanbaatar). Mongolia was the center of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century and was later ruled by the Qing Dynasty from the end of the seventeenth century until 1911, when an independent government was formed with Russian assistance. The Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed in 1924, leading to the adoption of communist policies and a close alignment to the Soviet Union. After the fall of communism in Mongolia in 1990, Mongolia adopted a new constitution which was ratified in 1992. This officially marked the transition of Mongolia to a multi-party political system. At 1,564,116 square kilometres, Mongolia is the nineteenth largest, and the least densely populated independent country in the world. The country contains very little arable land as much of its area is covered by arid and unproductive steppes with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Approximately thirty percent of the country's 2.8 million people are nomadic or semi-nomadic. The predominant religion in Mongolia is Tibetan Buddhism, and the majority of the state's citizens are of the Mongol ethnicity, though Buriats, Kazakhs and Tuvans also live in the country, especially in the west. About 38% of the population lives in Ulan Bator Монгол улс нь Ази тивийн зүүн хойд хэсэгт, ОХУ болон БНХАУ-ын дунд эх газрын төвд оршдог улс юм. Газар нутгийн хэмжээ нь 1.565.600 хавтгай дөрвөлжин км, энэ нь дэлхийд 19-т жагсдаг юм. Нутгийн зүүн, баруун болон өмнөд хэсгээр нийт 4673 км Хятадтай, хойд талаараа 3485 км-ийг Оростой хиллэдэг юм CAN AKIN MOGOLISTAN Shynghys Khan Qazaq moghol kazak timur bekmambetov timuchin ugedey zhuchi chagatay Kazakstan yurta Чингиз Хан kz kaz Tamerlan Lame Timur Bekmambetov kazak turkestan barlas tribe nomad iran imperial казак history казакстан timurid Qazaq cengizhan mongol empire genhish khan Genghis khan mongol chenghiz temuchin nayman tatar kazakh qazaq mongol Chingis haan Bodrov Tadanobu Asano Genghis Khan Temuujin |
 | CAN AKIN CENGIZ HAN HAZINELERI FOTOGRAFLARIM http://www.turklider.org/TR/desktopdefault.aspx?TabId=1038&smid=8373 CAN AKIN CENGIZ HAN HAZINELERI FOTOGRAFLARIM Mongolia (Mongolian: Монгол улс) is the world's second-largest landlocked country after Kazakhstan. It is typically classified as being a part of East Asia, although sometimes it is considered part of Central Asia, and the northern rim of historical Mongolia extends into North Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. Mongolia's political system is parliamentary republic. Its capital and largest city is Ulan Bator (Ulaanbaatar). Mongolia was the center of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century and was later ruled by the Qing Dynasty from the end of the seventeenth century until 1911, when an independent government was formed with Russian assistance. The Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed in 1924, leading to the adoption of communist policies and a close alignment to the Soviet Union. After the fall of communism in Mongolia in 1990, Mongolia adopted a new constitution which was ratified in 1992. This officially marked the transition of Mongolia to a multi-party political system. At 1,564,116 square kilometres, Mongolia is the nineteenth largest, and the least densely populated independent country in the world. The country contains very little arable land as much of its area is covered by arid and unproductive steppes with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Approximately thirty percent of the country's 2.8 million people are nomadic or semi-nomadic. The predominant religion in Mongolia is Tibetan Buddhism, and the majority of the state's citizens are of the Mongol ethnicity, though Buriats, Kazakhs and Tuvans also live in the country, especially in the west. About 38% of the population lives in Ulan Bator Монгол улс нь Ази тивийн зүүн хойд хэсэгт, ОХУ болон БНХАУ-ын дунд эх газрын төвд оршдог улс юм. Газар нутгийн хэмжээ нь 1.565.600 хавтгай дөрвөлжин км, энэ нь дэлхийд 19-т жагсдаг юм. Нутгийн зүүн, баруун болон өмнөд хэсгээр нийт 4673 км Хятадтай, хойд талаараа 3485 км-ийг Оростой хиллэдэг юм Shynghys Khan Qazaq moghol kazak timur bekmambetov timuchin ugedey zhuchi chagatay Kazakstan yurta Чингиз Хан kz kaz Tamerlan Lame Timur Bekmambetov kazak turkestan barlas tribe nomad iran imperial казак history казакстан timurid Qazaq cengizhan mongol empire genhish khan Genghis khan mongol chenghiz temuchin nayman tatar kazakh qazaq mongol Chingis haan Bodrov Tadanobu Asano Genghis Khan Temuujin |
 | CAN AKIN - GENGHIS KHAN ジンギスカン - Mongolia CAN AKIN - Be chamed hairtai - Mongolia (pronounced /mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/) (Mongolian: Монгол улс, ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and China to the south. The capital and largest city is Ulan Bator. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic. At 1,564,116 square kilometres, Mongolia is the nineteenth largest, and the least densely populated independent country in the world with a population of around 2.9 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country after Kazakhstan. The country contains very little arable land, as much of its area is covered by arid and unproductive steppes, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Approximately thirty percent of the country's 2.9 million people are nomadic or semi-nomadic. The predominant religion in Mongolia is Tibetan Buddhism, and the majority of the state's citizens are of the Mongol ethnicity, though Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other minorities also live in the country, especially in the west. About 38% of the population lives in Ulan Bator.La République de Mongolie (en mongol Монгол Улс) est un pays d'Asie, enclavé entre la Russie au nord et la Chine au sud. Sa capitale et plus grande ville est Oulan-Bator (Улаанбаатар, Ulaanbaatar), la langue officielle est le khalkha et la monnaie le tugrik. La Mongolie fut le centre de l'Empire Mongol au XIIIe siècle, elle fut ensuite gouvernée par la dynastie mandchoue Qing de la fin du XVIIe siècle à 1911, date à laquelle l'indépendance de la Mongolie fut proclamée, à laquelle mettra un terme la Russie. Après la fin de la Guerre froide et la chute du communisme en Mongolie en 1990, le pays adopta une constitution démocratique en 1992.Die Mongolei (mongolisch Монгол Улс/Mongol Uls), zwischen Zentral- und Ostasien gelegen, ist ein dünn besiedelter Binnenstaat. Sie grenzt im Norden an Russland mit 3.485 km Grenzlänge und im Süden an die Volksrepublik China mit 4.677 km Grenzlänge. Mongolian hordes horses ponies army warriors Genghis Khan Temujin generals asian barbarians history central asia nomads tadanobu asano making of mongol trailer mongol Chingis haan Bodrov Tadanobu Asano Genghis Khan Temuujin tadanobu asano mongol teaser trailer Genghis Khan |
 | Tibet, China -- Ownership of Tibet, Part Five #005 Republic of China (1912-49) In the autumn of 1911, revolution took place in China's interior, overthrowing the 270-year-old rule of the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China. Upon its founding, the Republic of China declared itself a unified republic of the Han, Manchu, Mongol, Hui, Tibetan and other races. In his inauguration statement on January 1, 1912, Sun Yat-sen, the provisional first president of the Republic of China, declared to the whole world: "The foundation of the country lies in the people, and the unification of lands inhabited by the Han, Manchu, Mongol, Hui and Tibetan people into one country means the unification of the Han, Manchu, Mongol, Hui and Tibetan races. It is called national unification." The five-color flag used as the national flag at that time represented the unification of the five main races. In March the Nanjing-based provisional senate of the Republic of China promulgated the republic's first constitution, the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, in which it was clearly stipulated that Tibet was a part of the territory of the Republic of China. In order to form the first parliament of the Republic of China, the Beijing government promulgated on August 10, 1912 the Organic Law of the Parliament of the Republic of China and the law on elections for members of parliament. These statutes specified the methods for Tibetans to participate in elections, and the right of elected parliamentary members to have a direct say in government affairs. When the Chinese Kuomintang formed the national government in 1927 in Nanjing and held the national assembly in 1931, both the 13th Dalai Lama and the 9th Bainqen Erdeni sent representatives to participate. Article I of the General Outline of the Constitution for the Political Tutelage Period of the Republic of China, formulated during the assembly, stipulated that Tibet belonged to the territories of the Republic of China. The Tibetan local government and the Bainqen's administrative body, Kampus Assembly, also sent representatives to the national assembly in 1946 called by the Nanjing national government. |
 | Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe.Hungary was laid in the late Ninth Century by the Magyar chieftain Árpád, whose great grandson István ascended to the throne with a crown sent from Rome in 1000.The Kingdom of Hungary existed with minor interruptions for more than 900 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world. (June 4, 1920) Treaty at the end of World War I between Hungary and the Allied Powers, signed at the Trianon Palace at Versailles, France. By its terms, Hungary lost two-thirds of its former territory, which was divided among Czechoslovakia, Austria, the future Yugoslavia, and Romania. It was succeeded by a Communist era (1947-1989) during which Hungary gained widespread international attention regarding the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal move of opening its border with Austria in 1989, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The present form of government is Parliamentary Republic (1989-). Hungary voted in favour of joining the EU, and joined in 2004. The country's first ever term of EU presidency is due in 2011. |
 | My Estonia Estonia is a country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. It is bordered to the north by Finland across the Gulf of Finland, to the west by Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by the Russian Federation. The territory of Estonia covers 45,226 km² and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns, with the Estonian language sharing many similarities to Finnish. Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic and is divided into fifteen counties. The capital and largest city is Tallinn. Estonia has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991 of the European Union since 1 May 2004 and of NATO since 29 March 2004. Estonia has also signed the Kyoto protocol. With only 1.3 million inhabitants, it comprises one of the smallest populations of the European Union countries. Video music by Urmas Alender - Minu Eestimaa |
 | CAN AKIN - Be chamed hairtai - Mongol music CAN AKIN - Be chamed hairtai - Mongolia (pronounced /mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/) (Mongolian: Монгол улс, ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and China to the south. The capital and largest city is Ulan Bator. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic. At 1,564,116 square kilometres, Mongolia is the nineteenth largest, and the least densely populated independent country in the world with a population of around 2.9 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country after Kazakhstan. The country contains very little arable land, as much of its area is covered by arid and unproductive steppes, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Approximately thirty percent of the country's 2.9 million people are nomadic or semi-nomadic. The predominant religion in Mongolia is Tibetan Buddhism, and the majority of the state's citizens are of the Mongol ethnicity, though Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other minorities also live in the country, especially in the west. About 38% of the population lives in Ulan Bator.La République de Mongolie (en mongol Монгол Улс) est un pays d'Asie, enclavé entre la Russie au nord et la Chine au sud. Sa capitale et plus grande ville est Oulan-Bator (Улаанбаатар, Ulaanbaatar), la langue officielle est le khalkha et la monnaie le tugrik. La Mongolie fut le centre de l'Empire Mongol au XIIIe siècle, elle fut ensuite gouvernée par la dynastie mandchoue Qing de la fin du XVIIe siècle à 1911, date à laquelle l'indépendance de la Mongolie fut proclamée, à laquelle mettra un terme la Russie. Après la fin de la Guerre froide et la chute du communisme en Mongolie en 1990, le pays adopta une constitution démocratique en 1992.Die Mongolei (mongolisch Монгол Улс/Mongol Uls), zwischen Zentral- und Ostasien gelegen, ist ein dünn besiedelter Binnenstaat. Sie grenzt im Norden an Russland mit 3.485 km Grenzlänge und im Süden an die Volksrepublik China mit 4.677 km Grenzlänge. |
 | Welcome to estonia video about estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. It is bordered to the north by Finland across the Gulf of Finland, to the west by Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by the Russian Federation. The territory of Estonia covers 45,226 km² and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns, with the Estonian language sharing many similarities to Finnish. The modern name of Estonia is thought to originate from the Roman historian Tacitus, who in his book Germania (ca. AD 98) described a people called the Aestii. Similarly, ancient Scandinavian sagas refer to a land called Eistland. Early Latin and other ancient versions of the name are Estia and Hestia. Until the late 1930s, the name was often written as "Esthonia" in most western countries. Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic and is divided into fifteen counties (Maakonnad). The capital and largest city is Tallinn. Estonia has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991,[5] of the European Union since 1 May 2004,[6] and of NATO since 29 March 2004.[7] Estonia has also signed the Kyoto protocol. With only 1.3 million inhabitants, it comprises one of the smallest populations of the European Union countries. The area was settled immediately after the Ice Age, beginning from around 8500 BC. After the Northern Crusades, being conquered by Danes and Germans in 1227, Estonia was ruled by Denmark in the north and by Livonian Order in the south. From 1228-1562 the whole Estonia was a part of Livonian Confederation. Estonia became a part of the Swedish Empire from the 16th century to 1721, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire. The Estophile Enlightenment Period in 1750-1840 led to the Estonian national awakening in the mid-19th century. In 1918 the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued. The Estonian War of Independence ensued on two fronts between the Bolshevist Russia and the German Empire, resulting in the Tartu Peace Treaty recognising Estonian independence in perpetuity. Shortly after World War II began, Estonia was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union[8][9][10], subsequently occupied by Third Reich during Operation Barbarossa, then re-occupied by the Soviet Union in 1944. info from wikipedia |
 | EuroMed: Egypt's Parliament President discusses EuroMed http://www.eux.tv/ Dr Ahmed Fathy Sorour, President of the People's Assembly of the Arab Republic of Egypt, talks about the role of the EuroMed parliamentary assembly and it's meaning for Egypt. Playlist: http://www.youtube.com/my_playlists?p=B7479A95536A2E0D Story: http://www.eux.tv/Article.aspx?articleId=19999 Also see: http://www.epp-ed.eu/ |
 | History Of Singapore 新加坡的歷史 (III) Part 1 http://stanley5.blogspot.com 史丹利五 提供 History Of Singapore (III) Part 1 新加坡的歷史 - 亞洲小龍 by Discovery Channel 新加坡共和國（英語：Republic of Singapore，馬來語：Republik Singapura，泰米爾語：சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரச【讀：Cingkappūr Kudiyarasu】），是東南亞的一個島國，也是一個城市國家。該國位於馬來半島 南端，毗鄰馬六甲海峽南口，其南面有新加坡海峽與印尼相隔，北面有柔佛海峽與馬來西亞 相隔，並以長堤相連於新馬兩岸之間。新加坡的國土除了本島之外，還包括周圍數島。 1819年，任職于英國東印度公司的斯坦福·萊佛士與柔佛蘇丹簽訂條約，獲准在新加坡 建立交易站和殖民地。由於地理位置特殊，新加坡在二次世界大戰以前一直是大英帝國在東 南亞最重要的據點，經萊佛士努力，逐漸發展成繁榮的轉口港。1942年至1945年間 ，新加坡曾被日軍佔據三年半之久，之後回歸英國管轄。1965年獨立後，新加坡在短時 間內由發展中國家迅速轉變成為經濟富裕的發達國家，其人民生活水平也因此得以快速提高 ，從而位居世界之前列。此外，作為亞洲最重要的金融、服務和航運中心之一，新加坡在城 市保潔方面效果顯著，故亦有「花園城市」之美稱。 Singapore (Chinese: 新加坡; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō; in Malay: Singapura; in Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர், Cingkappūr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It lies 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At 707.1 km2 (273.0 sq mi), Singapore is one of three remaining true city-states in the world. It is the smallest nation in Southeast Asia. Prior to European settlement, the island now known as Singapore was the site of a Malay fishing village at the mouth of the Singapore River. Several hundred indigenous Orang Laut people also lived along the nearby coast, rivers and on smaller islands. In 1819 the British East India Company established a trading post on the island, which was used thereafter as a strategic trading post along the spice route.[4] Singapore would become one of the most important commercial and military centres of the British Empire, and the hub of British power in Southeast Asia. The city was occupied by the Japanese during World War II, which Winston Churchill called "Britain's greatest defeat".[5] Singapore reverted to British rule immediately postwar, in 1945. Eighteen years later the city, having achieved independence from Britain, merged with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia. However, less than two years later it seceded from the federation and became an independent republic on 9 August 1965. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September that same year. Since independence, Singapore's standard of living has been on the rise. Foreign direct investment and a state-led drive to industrialization based on plans drawn up by the Dutch economist Albert Winsemius have created a modern economy focused on electronics manufacturing, petrochemicals, tourism and financial services alongside traditional entrepôt trade. Singapore is the 6th wealthiest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita.[6] The small nation has foreign exchange reserves of more than US$177 billion.[7] The population of Singapore is approximately 4.59 million.[2] Though Singapore is highly cosmopolitan and diverse, ethnic Chinese form the majority of the population. English is the administrative language of the country. The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore established the nation's political system as a representative democracy, while the country is recognized as a parliamentary republic.[8] The People's Action Party (PAP) dominates the political process and has won control of Parliament in every election since self-government in 1959 |
 | History Of Singapore 新加坡的歷史 (III) Part 2 http://stanley5.blogspot.com 史丹利五 提供 History Of Singapore (III)Part 2 新加坡的歷史 - 亞洲小龍 by Discovery Channel 新加坡共和國（英語：Republic of Singapore，馬來語：Republik Singapura，泰米爾語：சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரச【讀：Cingkappūr Kudiyarasu】），是東南亞的一個島國，也是一個城市國家。該國位於馬來半島南端，毗鄰馬六甲海峽南口，其南面有新加坡海峽與印尼相隔，北面有柔佛海峽與馬來西亞相隔，並以長堤相連於新馬兩岸之間。新加坡的國土除了本島之外，還包括周圍數島。 1819年，任職于英國東印度公司的斯坦福·萊佛士與柔佛蘇丹簽訂條約，獲准在新加坡建立交易站和殖民地。由於地理位置特殊，新加坡在二次世界大戰以前一直是大英帝國在東南亞最重要的據點，經萊佛士努力，逐漸發展成繁榮的轉口港。1942年至1945年間，新加坡曾被日軍佔據三年半之久，之後回歸英國管轄。1965年獨立後，新加坡在短時間內由發展中國家迅速轉變成為經濟富裕的發達國家，其人民生活水平也因此得以快速提高，從而位居世界之前列。此外，作為亞洲最重要的金融、服務和航運中心之一，新加坡在城市保潔方面效果顯著，故亦有「花園城市」之美稱。 Singapore (Chinese: 新加坡; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō; in Malay: Singapura; in Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர், Cingkappūr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It lies 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At 707.1 km2 (273.0 sq mi), Singapore is one of three remaining true city-states in the world. It is the smallest nation in Southeast Asia. Prior to European settlement, the island now known as Singapore was the site of a Malay fishing village at the mouth of the Singapore River. Several hundred indigenous Orang Laut people also lived along the nearby coast, rivers and on smaller islands. In 1819 the British East India Company established a trading post on the island, which was used thereafter as a strategic trading post along the spice route.[4] Singapore would become one of the most important commercial and military centres of the British Empire, and the hub of British power in Southeast Asia. The city was occupied by the Japanese during World War II, which Winston Churchill called "Britain's greatest defeat".[5] Singapore reverted to British rule immediately postwar, in 1945. Eighteen years later the city, having achieved independence from Britain, merged with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia. However, less than two years later it seceded from the federation and became an independent republic on 9 August 1965. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September that same year. Since independence, Singapore's standard of living has been on the rise. Foreign direct investment and a state-led drive to industrialization based on plans drawn up by the Dutch economist Albert Winsemius have created a modern economy focused on electronics manufacturing, petrochemicals, tourism and financial services alongside traditional entrepôt trade. Singapore is the 6th wealthiest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita.[6] The small nation has foreign exchange reserves of more than US$177 billion.[7] The population of Singapore is approximately 4.59 million.[2] Though Singapore is highly cosmopolitan and diverse, ethnic Chinese form the majority of the population. English is the administrative language of the country. The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore established the nation's political system as a representative democracy, while the country is recognized as a parliamentary republic.[8] The People's Action Party (PAP) dominates the political process and has won control of Parliament in every election since self-government in 1959 |
 | History Of Singapore 新加坡的歷史 Part 1 (Discovery Channel ) http://stanley5.blogspot.com 史丹利五 提供 History Of Singapore Part 1 新加坡的歷史 - 萊佛士的奠基 by Discovery Channel 新加坡共和國（英語：Republic of Singapore，馬來語：Republik Singapura，泰米爾語：சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரச【讀：Cingkappūr Kudiyarasu】），是東南亞的一個島國，也是一個城市國家。該國位於馬來半島南端，毗鄰馬六甲海峽南口，其南面有新加坡海峽與印尼相隔，北面有柔佛海峽與馬來西亞相隔，並以長堤相連於新馬兩岸之間。新加坡的國土除了本島之外，還包括周圍數島。 1819年，任職于英國東印度公司的斯坦福·萊佛士與柔佛蘇丹簽訂條約，獲准在新加坡建立交易站和殖民地。由於地理位置特殊，新加坡在二次世界大戰以前一直是大英帝國在東南亞最重要的據點，經萊佛士努力，逐漸發展成繁榮的轉口港。1942年至1945年間，新加坡曾被日軍佔據三年半之久，之後回歸英國管轄。1965年獨立後，新加坡在短時間內由發展中國家迅速轉變成為經濟富裕的發達國家，其人民生活水平也因此得以快速提高，從而位居世界之前列。此外，作為亞洲最重要的金融、服務和航運中心之一，新加坡在城市保潔方面效果顯著，故亦有「花園城市」之美稱。 Singapore (Chinese: 新加坡; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō; in Malay: Singapura; in Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர், Cingkappūr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It lies 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At 707.1 km2 (273.0 sq mi), Singapore is one of three remaining true city-states in the world. It is the smallest nation in Southeast Asia. Prior to European settlement, the island now known as Singapore was the site of a Malay fishing village at the mouth of the Singapore River. Several hundred indigenous Orang Laut people also lived along the nearby coast, rivers and on smaller islands. In 1819 the British East India Company established a trading post on the island, which was used thereafter as a strategic trading post along the spice route.[4] Singapore would become one of the most important commercial and military centres of the British Empire, and the hub of British power in Southeast Asia. The city was occupied by the Japanese during World War II, which Winston Churchill called "Britain's greatest defeat".[5] Singapore reverted to British rule immediately postwar, in 1945. Eighteen years later the city, having achieved independence from Britain, merged with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia. However, less than two years later it seceded from the federation and became an independent republic on 9 August 1965. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September that same year. Since independence, Singapore's standard of living has been on the rise. Foreign direct investment and a state-led drive to industrialization based on plans drawn up by the Dutch economist Albert Winsemius have created a modern economy focused on electronics manufacturing, petrochemicals, tourism and financial services alongside traditional entrepôt trade. Singapore is the 6th wealthiest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita.[6] The small nation has foreign exchange reserves of more than US$177 billion.[7] The population of Singapore is approximately 4.59 million.[2] Though Singapore is highly cosmopolitan and diverse, ethnic Chinese form the majority of the population. English is the administrative language of the country. The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore established the nation's political system as a representative democracy, while the country is recognized as a parliamentary republic.[8] The People's Action Party (PAP) dominates the political process and has won control of Parliament in every election since self-government in 1959 |
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