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The 'pansy (scott) ' or 'pansy violet' is a cultivated garden flower. It is derived from the wildflower called the Heartsease or Johnny Jump Up (''Viola tricolor''), and is sometimes given the subspecies name ''Viola tricolor hortensis''. However, many garden varieties are hybrids and are referred to as ''Viola × wittrockiana''. The name "pansy" also appears as part of the common name of a number of wildflowers belonging, like the cultivated pansy, to the violet genus ''Viola''. One or two unrelated flowers such as the Pansy Monkeyflower also have "pansy" in their name.

Contents

Cultivation, breeding and life cycle

Anatomy

Diseases

Stem rot

Watering

Leaf spot

Mildew

Cucumber mosaic virus

Pests

Slugs and snails

Aphids

Cultivars

Name origin and significance

Pansies in the arts and culture

External links

References

Cultivation, breeding and life cycle

Pansies have been bred in the north, usually in urban environments. The flowers raised by these individuals range from gold and orange though to purple, violet, and a blue so deep as to be almost black. They are quite a hardy plant, growing well in sunny or partially sunny positions. Pansies are technically biennials that normally have two-year life cycles. The first year they only produce greenery; they bear flowers and seeds in their second year of growth, and afterwards die like annuals.
Most gardeners buy biennials as packs of young plants from the garden centre and plant them directly into the garden soil. Gardeners interested in rarer cultivars can plant seeds indoors in early November for plants ready in the spring. Under good conditions, pansies and viola are perennial plants, although they are generally treated as annual or biennial plants because they get very leggy and overgrown after a few years. The mature plant grows to 9 inches (23 cm) high, and the flowers are two to three inches (about 6 cm) in diameter.
Pansies are hardy in zones 4-8. They can survive light freezes or a little snow, but not for very long. In warmer climates, zones 9-11, pansies can bloom over the winter, and are often planted in the fall. In these climates, pansies have been known to reseed themselves and come back the next year. Pansies are not very heat-tolerant — once the temperature gets over a certain point they will become leggy and stop blooming.
Pansies should be watered thoroughly about once a week, depending on climate and recent rainfall. For maximum bloom, use plant food about every other week, according to the plant food directions. Regular deadheading can extend the blooming period.

Anatomy

The pansy has two top petals overlapping slightly, two side petals, beard's where the three lower petals join the center of the flower, a single bottom petal with a slight indentation.

Diseases

Stem rot

Stem rot, also known as pansy sickness, is a soil-borne fungus and a possible hazard with unsterilized animal manure. The plant may collapse without warning in the middle of season. The foliage will flag and lose color. Flowers will fade and shrivel prematurely. Stem will snap at the soil line if tugged slightly. The plant is probably a total loss unless tufted. To treat stem rot, use Cheshunt or modern Benomyl fungicide prior to planting. Destroy (burn) infected plants.
'Cheshunt recipe'

★ 2 parts finely ground copper sulphate

★ 11 parts fresh ammonium carbonate
Mix thoroughly and stand for 2 hours in sealed container. Dissolve 1 ounce (28 g) in a little hot water and add this to 2 gallons of cold water and use immediately.

Watering

Make sure not to overwater.Overwatering may cause flooding, thus killing the pansy

Leaf spot

Leaf spot (''Ramularia deflectens'') is a fungal infection. Symptoms include dark spots on leaf margins followed by a white web covering the leaves. It is associated with cool damp springs. To treat, spray with fungicide.

Mildew

Mildew (''Oidium'') is a fungal infection. Symptoms include violet-gray powder on fringes and underside of leaves. It is caused by stagnant air and can be limited but not necessarily eliminated by spraying (especially leaf undersides).

Cucumber mosaic virus

The cucumber mosaic virus is transmitted by aphids. Pansies with the virus have fine yellow veining on young leaves, stunted growth and anomalous flowers. The virus can lay dormant, affect the entire plant and be passed to next generations and to other species. Prevention is key: purchase healthy plants, use pH-balanced soil which is neither too damp not too dry. The soil should have balanced amounts of nitrogen, phosphate and potash. Eliminate other diseases which may weaken the plant.

Pests

Slugs and snails

To ward off slugs and snails, lay sharp, gritty sand or top-dress soil with chipped bark. Clean area of leaves and foreign matter, etc. Beer in little bowls buried to the rims in the flower beds will also keep them at bay.

Aphids

To combat aphids, which spread the cucumber mosaic virius, spray with diluted soft soap (2 ounces per gallon).

Cultivars

The Universal Plus series of 21 cultivars covers all the common pansy colors except orange and black.

Name origin and significance

The pansy gets its name from the French word ''pensée'' meaning "thought". It was so named because the flower resembles a human face and in August it nods forward as if deep in thought. Because of the origin of its name, the pansy has long been a symbol of Freethought^[1] and has been used in the literature of the American Secular Union. Humanists like the symbol also, as the pansy's current appearance was developed from the Heartsease by two centuries of intentional crossbreeding of wild plant hybrids. The Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF) uses the pansy symbol extensively in its lapel pins and literature.
The word "pansy" has indicated an effeminate male since Elizabethan times and the usage as a disparaging term for a man or boy who is considered effeminate (as well as for an avowedly homosexual man) is still current. (There is a queercore musical band called Pansy Division, drawing on this association.) The word "ponce" (which has now come to mean a pimp) and the adjective "poncey" (effeminate) also derive from "pansy".

Pansies in the arts and culture

The pansy remains a favorite image in the arts, culture, and crafts, from needlepoint to ceramics. It is also the flower of Osaka, Japan.

★ In 1827, Pierre-Joseph Redouté painted ''Bouquet of Pansies''.

★ In 1926, Georgia O'Keeffe created a famous painting of a black pansy called simply, ''Pansy''. She followed with ''White Pansy'' in 1927.

★ D. H. Lawrence wrote a book of poetry entitled ''Pansies: Poems by D. H. Lawrence''.

★ In William Shakespeare's play ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', the juice of a pansy blossom ("before, milk-white, now purple with love's wound, And maidens call it love-in-idleness") is a love potion: "the juice of it, on sleeping eyelids laid, will make or man or woman madly dote upon the next live creature that it sees." (Act II, Scene I see also: Oberon at II, i). Since the cultivated pansy had not yet been developed, "pansy" here means the wild Heartsease, and the idea of using it as a love potion was no doubt suggested by that name. The folkloric language of flowers is more traditional than scientific, with conventional interpretations, similar to the clichés about animals such as the "clever fox" or "wise owl". Ophelia's oft-quoted line, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts", in ''Hamlet'' (Act IV, Scene V) comes from this tradition: if a maiden found a honeyflower and a pansy left for her by an admirer, it would mean "I am thinking of our forbidden love" in symbol rather than in writing.

External links

- Beautiful pictures and information about pansy topics

References

1. Rediscovering A Forgotten Symbol Of Freethought - A Pansy For Your Thoughts, , Annie Laurie, Gaylor, Freethought Today, 1997