 Map of the West Bank.  Map of the Gaza Strip. |
The 'Palestinian territories' is one of a number of designations for those portions of the British
Mandate of Palestine captured and
militarily occupied by
Egypt and
Jordan, and later, in the
Six-Day War, by
Israel.
The designation typically refers to the territories governed in varying degrees by the
Palestinian Authority (42% of the
West Bank plus all of the Hamas-ruled
Gaza Strip), or includes all of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It does not include
Transjordan, modern-day
Jordan which was established in 1946. It does not include the
Golan Heights captured from
Syria in the
Six Day War or the
Sinai Peninsula captured then, but later returned to
Egypt after making peace with
Israel. Note: Israel does not consider East Jerusalem (annexed in 1980) nor the former Israeli - Jordanian
no man's land (annexed in 1967) to be parts of the West Bank. Both in fact fall under full Israeli law and jurisdiction as opposed to the 58% of the Israeli-defined West Bank which is ruled by the Israeli 'Judea and Samaria Civil Administration'.
Name
Other terms used to describe these areas together are "occupied Palestinian territories", "
Israeli-occupied territories", though all of these are, in context, simply referred to as "the
occupied territories."
More terms include "disputed territories", "
Judea and Samaria, and Gaza", "
Yesha", "liberated territories", "1967 territories", and simply "the territories".
The United Nations generally uses the term "Occupied Palestinian Territory", with the "Palestinian" label having gained use since the 1970s. Previous
UNSC resolutions (such as
242 and
338) use the term "Territories occupied by Israel", whereas in the
UN General Assembly Resolution 181 passed on
November 29,
1947, the term "Samaria and Judea" was used. Many Jews object to the term "Palestinian territories", which they perceive as a rejection of what is in their view legitimate Jewish land according the
Hebrew Bible and
Jewish history (and current settlements) in the area.
Political status
The political status of these territories has been the subject of negotiations between Israel and the
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and of numerous statements and resolutions by the
United Nations. See
List of the UN resolutions concerning Israel for further details.
The current and future political status of the territories is highly controversial. Specific issues include the legality of Israeli's policy of encouraging
settlement, whether it is legitimate for Israel to annex portions of the territories, whether Israel is legally an
occupying power according to the
Fourth Geneva Convention, and whether an
independent Arab state will be created in the territories (see
Proposals for a Palestinian state).
Since 1994, the autonomous Palestinian Authority has exercised various degrees of control in large parts of the territories, pursuant to the
Oslo Accords.
Since the
Battle of Gaza (2007), the territories have split into two administrative entities, with
Hamas leading the Gaza Strip and the
Palestinian Authority (with
Mahmoud Abbas of
Fatah in leadership) continuing to administer the
West Bank despite the
election (in January,
2006,) of Hamas to the majority of seats in the
Palestinian Legislative Council. Neither group recognize the other one as the official Palestinian leadership.
Boundaries
The boundaries between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and the
State of Israel, known as the
Green Line, are a result of the
1949 Armistice Agreements after the
1948 Arab-Israeli War, while their boundaries with
Jordan and
Egypt follow the
international border negotiated in the
Israel-Egypt peace treaty and
Israel-Jordan peace treaty. The natural geographic boundaries for the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are the
Jordan River and the
Mediterranean Sea, respectively.
Between 1949 and 1967, these territories were occupied by Jordan and Egypt respectively, but the term "Palestinian territories" or "Occupied Palestinian Territories" gained wide usage after Israel's victory in the 1967
Six-Day War, about the same time as the term "Palestinian" first started to be used exclusively in respect to Arab population of Palestine. Since then, the
United Nations and most foreign governments regard the territories as being under Israeli
military occupation.
Since 1994, the autonomous Palestinian Authority has exercised various degrees of control in large parts of the territories, pursuant to the
Oslo Accords.
Since the
Battle of Gaza (2007), the territories have split into two administrational entities, with Hamas leading the
Gaza Strip and the
Palestinian Authority (with
Fatah in leadership) leading the
West Bank.
The term "Palestinian territories"
Generally, the term "Palestinian territories" is used by:
★ journalists to indicate lands where
Palestinian people dwell, outside the ''
Green Line'', or the
1949 Armistice lines;
★ some Arab nationalists, who consider the land within Israel's ''
de facto'' boundaries to be ''
de jure'' part of a "Palestinian state." Some advocates have claimed that maps used in schools under the jurisdiction of the
Palestinian Authority depict this state as consisting of all the territory between the
Mediterranean Sea,
Lebanon,
Syria, the
Jordan River and
Egypt — including Israel, the
West Bank and
Gaza Strip.
The term is often used interchangeably with the term ''
Occupied territories'', although the latter refers to an inclusive set of both the "Palestinian territories" and the
Golan Heights. The Golan is not settled by Palestinians nor claimed by them, but rather by
Syria, though the tiny
Shebaa Farms area is also claimed by
Lebanon. The confusion stems from the fact that all these territories were captured by Israel during the 1967
Six-Day War and are regarded by the
United Nations as being under military occupation.
The term "Occupied Palestinian Territories" is challenged by some Israelis because it disregards Israeli claims to the territories. Israeli right-wing politician
Shmuel Katz, in a preliminary brief, whose arguments were analysed and dismissed later by the International Court of Justice to which it was directed, rejects the rulings of that Court and, with it, resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, asserting that the standard term in international law, "occupied Palestinian lands" is "the common language of Arab anti-Israel propaganda, a part of the Arabs' fictional history, which it has succeeded in disseminating throughout the whole wide world". Katz further declared that "Impartial groups should not be blind to the fact that there are two sides to the dispute in
Palestine, and that Israel rejects absolutely the notion that it is illegally holding 'Palestinian lands'."
[1] Similary, the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs has written: "It would be far more accurate to describe the West Bank and Gaza Strip as "disputed territories" to which both Israelis and Palestinians have claims.
History
In 1922 after the collapse of the
Ottoman Empire that ruled
Palestine for four centuries (1517-1917), the
British Mandate for Palestine was established. Large-scale Jewish immigration from abroad, mainly from
Eastern Europe took place during the British Mandate.
[2] The future of Palestine was hotly disputed between Arabs and Jews. In 1947, the total Jewish ownership of land in Palestine was 1,850,000 dunums or 1,850 square kilometers, which is 7.04% of the total land of Palestine.
[1] Public property or "crown lands", the bulk of which was in the Negev, belonging to the government of Palestine may have made up as much as 70% of the total land; with the Arabs, Christians and others owning the rest.
[3]
The 1947
United Nations Partition Plan proposed a division of the mandated territory between an Arab and a Jewish state, with
Jerusalem and the surrounding area to be a ''corpus separatum'' under a special international regime. The regions allotted to the proposed Arab state included what would become the Gaza Strip and almost all of what would become the West Bank, as well as other areas.
The Partition Plan was passed by the UN General Assembly on November 1947. Israel declared its independence on May 14, 1948, one day before the expiration of the British Mandate for Palestine. US President Harry Truman recognized the State of Israel de facto the following day, and the United States recognized it de jure on January 31, 1949. (http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/us-israel/) The Arab countries responded by declaring war on the newly formed
State of Israel, which ended in Israel's victory.
After the war, Israel controlled many of the areas designated for the Arab state, and the negotiated agreements established Armistice Demarcation Lines (ADLs), which did not have the status of recognised international borders.
Thus the areas held by Jordanian and Iraqi forces (with minor adjustments) came under Jordanian control, and became known as the West Bank (of the
Jordan River, by contrast with the East Bank, or Jordan proper); the area held by Egyptian forces, along the Mediterranean coast in the vicinity of the city of
Gaza and south to the international border, remained under Egyptian control and became known as the Gaza Strip.
For nineteen years following the
1949 Armistice Agreements until the
1967 Six Day War,
Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip and
Jordan occupied the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and no Arab state was created. In 1950, Jordan annexed the territories it occupied; this annexation was not officially recognized by other countries, with the sole exception of the
United Kingdom (but not, as is often said,
Pakistan).
Article 24 of the
Palestinian National Charter of 1964
[4] stated: "This Organization does not exercise any territorial sovereignty over the
West Bank in the
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, on the
Gaza Strip or in the Himmah Area."
Israel captured both territories in the 1967
Six-Day War; since then they have been under Israeli control. Immediately after the war, on June 19, 1967, the Israeli government offered to return the Golan Heights to Syria, the Sinai to Egypt and most of the West Bank to Jordan in exchange for peace. At the Khartoum Summit in September, the Arabs responded to this overture by declaring "no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel and no negotiations with Israel." (http://www.mideastweb.org/khartoum.htm)
UN Security Council Resolution 242 introduced the "
Land for Peace" formula for normalizing relations between Israel and its neighbors. This formula was used when Israel returned the
Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in
1979 in exchange for a
peace treaty. While that treaty mentioned a "linkage" between Israeli-Egyptian peace and Palestinian autonomy, the formerly Egyptian-occupied territory in Gaza was excluded from the agreement, and remained under Israeli control.
The
Oslo Accords of the early 1990s between the
Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel led to the creation of the
Palestinian Authority. This was an interim organization created to administer a limited form of Palestinian self-governance in the territories for a period of five years during which final-status negotiations would take place. The Palestinian Authority carried civil responsibility in some rural areas, as well as security responsibility in the major cities of the
West Bank and the
Gaza Strip. Although the five-year interim period expired in 1999, the final status agreement has yet to be concluded despite attempts such as the
2000 Camp David Summit, the
Taba summit, and the unofficial
Geneva Accords.
In
2005, Israeli forces withdrew from the Gaza Strip, ceding full effective internal control of the territory to the Palestinian Authority.
Since the
Battle of Gaza (2007) the two separate territories, the
Gaza Strip and the
West Bank, are divided into a
Hamas leadership in the Gaza Strip and a
Fatah civil leadership in the autonomous areas of the West Bank. Each sees itself as the administrator of all Palestinian territories and does not acknowledge the other one as the official government of the territories. The Palestinian territories have therefore ''de facto'' split into two entities.
Legal status
:''See related articles:
International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict,
Political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip,
Status of territories captured by Israel.''
The final status of the "Palestinian territories" as becoming (wholly or largely) an independent state for "Arabs" is supported by the countries that back the
Quartet's "
Road map for peace". The government of Israel also accepted the road map but with 14 reservations
[2].
Although
Israeli settlements were not part of the
Oslo Accords negotiations, the Arab position is that the creation and the presence of
Israeli settlements in those areas is a violation of international law. This has also been affirmed by a majority of members of the Geneva convention: "12. The participating High Contracting Parties call upon the Occupying Power to fully and effectively respect the Fourth Geneva Convention in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to refrain from perpetrating any violation of the Convention. They reaffirm the illegality of the settlements in the said territories and of the extension thereof. They recall the need to safeguard and guarantee the rights and access of all inhabitants to the Holy Places."
[3]
East Jerusalem, captured in 1967, was unilaterally annexed by Israel. The UN Security Council Resolution 478 condemned the Jerusalem Law as "a violation of international law". This annexation has not been recognized by other nations, although the United States Congress has declared its intention to recognize the annexation (a proposal that has been condemned by other states and organizations). Because of the question of Jerusalem's status, some states refuse to accept Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and treat
Tel Aviv as the capital, basing their diplomatic missions there. Israel asserts that these territories are not currently claimed by any other state, and that Israel has the right to control them.
Israel's position has not been officially accepted by most countries and international bodies. The
West Bank, and the
Gaza Strip have been referred to as
occupied territories (with Israel as the occupying power) by Palestinian Arabs
[4], the rest of the Arab bloc, the UK
[5], the EU, (usually) the USA (
[6],
[7]), both the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations
[8], the International Court of Justice, and the Israeli Supreme Court (see
Israeli West Bank barrier). The United Nations did not declare any change in the status of the territories as of the creation of the
Palestinian National Authority between 1993 and 2000. Although a 1999 U.N. document (see the link above) implied that the chance for a change in that status was slim at that period, most observers agreed that the Palestinian territories' classification as occupied was losing substantiality, and would be withdrawn after the signing of a permanent peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians (see also
Proposals for a Palestinian state).
During the period between the 1993
Oslo Accords and the
Second Intifada beginning in 2000, Israeli officials claimed that the term "occupation" did not accurately reflect the state of affairs in the territories. During this time, the Palestinian population in large parts of the territories had a large degree of autonomy and only limited exposure to the IDF except when seeking to move between different areas. Following the events of the Second Intifada, and in particular,
Operation Defensive Shield, most territories, including Palestinian cities (Area A), are back under effective Israeli military control, so the discussion along those lines is largely moot.
In the summer of 2005, Israel implemented its
unilateral disengagement plan; about 8500 Israeli citizens living in the Gaza Strip were forcibly removed from the territory; some received alternative homes and a sum of money. The Israeli Defence Forces vacated Gaza in 2005, but
invaded it again in 2006 in response to rocket attacks and the abduction of Israeli soldier
Gilad Shalit by
Hamas.
The Palestinian territories have been assigned a
country code of PS in
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, and accordingly, the Palestinian Authority was granted control of the corresponding Internet
country code top-level domain '
.ps'.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 242
United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242), one of the most commonly referenced UN resolutions in
Middle Eastern politics, was adopted unanimously by the
UN Security Council on
November 22,
1967 in the aftermath of the
Six Day War. It was adopted under Chapter VI
of the
United Nations Charter,
[5] and was reaffirmed by
UN Security Council Resolution 338, adopted after the 1973
Yom Kippur War.
The resolution calls for the "withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict" (there has been some disagreement about whether this means ''all'' the territories: see
UN Security Council Resolution 242: semantic dispute) and the "[t]ermination of all claims or states of belligerency". It also calls for the mutual recognition by the belligerent parties (Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan) of each other's established states and calls for the establishment of secure and recognized boundaries for all parties.
See also
★
Palestinian people
★
Palestinian National Authority
★
Definitions of 'Palestine' and 'Palestinian'
★
Israel
★
Israeli-occupied territories
★
Land of Israel
★
1949 Armistice Agreements
★
1947 UN Partition Plan
★
Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt
★
Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan
★
History of Palestine
★
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
★
Judea and Samaria
★
Occupied territories
★
Palestinian economy
★
Political status of Palestine
★
Political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
★
Proposals for a Palestinian state
★
State of Palestine
★
Territorial dispute
★
Views of Palestinian statehood
★
Yesha
★
Zionism
★
One-state solution
★
Two-state solution
★
Palestinian flag
★
United Nations Security Council Resolution 242
References
1. A Brief to the International Court by Shmuel Katz
2. History, Civil Society Network on the Question of Palestine, Division for Palestinian Rights, United Nations.
3. Alexander Safian, Can Arabs Buy Land in Israel?, ''Middle East Quarterly'' Volume IV, Number 4, December 1997; citing Moshe Aumann, Land Ownership in Palestine 1880-1948, Israel Academic Committee on the Middle East (undated, approximately 1970). The Negev statement is in Aumann.
4. Palestinian National Charter, 1964
5. UN Transcription of session referring to Chapter VI prior to the introduction of the Resolution
External links
★ , published by the United Nations Department of Public Information, March 2003. UN Brochure DPI/2276. Online, chapters are in PDF format.
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