'Owain Gwyndwr' (in English, "'Owen'") (c.
1100–
November 28,
1170), alternatively known by the
patronymic "'Owain ap Gruffydd'" and also as 'Owain I of Gwynedd' and occasionally 'Owain I of Wales' on account of his claim to be
King of Wales. He is considered to be the most successful of all the north Welsh princes prior to his grandson,
Llywelyn the Great. He was known as ''Owain Gwynedd'' to distinguish him from another contemporary Owain ap Gruffydd, ruler of part of
Powys who was known as ''Owain Cyfeiliog''. Owain Gwynedd was a member of the House of
Aberffraw, a descendant of the senior branch from
Rhodri Mawr.
Early life
Owain's father,
Gruffydd ap Cynan, was a strong and long-lived ruler who had made the principality of
Gwynedd the most influential in
Wales during the sixty-two years of his reign, using the island of
Anglesey as his power base. His mother, Angharad ferch Owain, was the daughter of
Owain ab Edwin. Owain was the second of three sons of Gruffydd and Angharad.
Owain is thought to have been born on Anglesey about the year 1100. By about 1120 Gruffydd had grown too old to lead his forces in battle and Owain and his brothers
Cadwallon and later
Cadwaladr led the forces of Gwynedd against the Normans and against other Welsh princes with great success. His elder brother Cadwallon was killed in a battle against the forces of
Powys in 1132, leaving Owain as his father's heir. Owain and Cadwaladr, in alliance with
Gruffydd ap Rhys of
Deheubarth, won a major victory over the
Normans at
Crug Mawr near
Cardigan in 1136 and annexed
Ceredigion to their father's realm.
Accession to the throne and early campaigns
On Gruffydd's death in 1137, therefore, Owain inherited a portion of a well-established kingdom, but had to share it with Cadwaladr. In 1143 Cadwaladr was implicated in the murder of
Anarawd ap Gruffydd of
Deheubarth, and Owain responded by sending his son
Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd to strip him of his lands in the north of
Ceredigion. Though Owain was later reconciled with Cadwaladr, from 1143, Owain ruled alone over most of north Wales. In 1155 Cadwaladr was driven into exile.
Owain took advantage of the civil war in England between
King Stephen and the
Empress Matilda to push Gwynedd's boundaries further east than ever before. In 1146 he captured the castle of
Mold and about 1150 captured
Rhuddlan and encroached on the borders of
Powys. The prince of Powys,
Madog ap Maredudd, with assistance from Earl Ranulf of Chester, gave battle at Coleshill, but Owain was victorious.
War with King Henry II
All went well until the accession of King
Henry II of England in 1154. Henry invaded Gwynedd in 1157 with the support of Madog ap Maredudd of Powys and Owain's brother Cadwaladr. The invasion met with mixed fortunes. King Henry was nearly killed in a skirmish near
Basingwerk and the fleet accompanying the invasion made a landing on
Anglesey where it was defeated. Owain was however forced to come to terms with Henry, being obliged to surrender Rhuddlan and other conquests in the east.
Madog ap Maredudd died in 1160, enabling Owain to regain territory in the east. In 1163 he formed an alliance with
Rhys ap Gruffydd of Deheubarth to challenge English rule. King Henry again invaded Gwynedd in 1165, but instead of taking the usual route along the northern coastal plain, the king's army invaded from Oswestry and took a route over the Berwyn hills. The invasion was met by an alliance of all the Welsh princes, with Owain as the undisputed leader. However there was little fighting, for the Welsh weather came to Owain's assistance as torrential rain forced Henry to retreat in disorder. The infuriated Henry mutilated a number of Welsh hostages, including two of Owain's sons.
Henry did not invade Gwynedd again and Owain was able to regain his eastern conquests, recapturing Rhuddlan castle in 1167 after a siege of three months.
Disputes with the church and succession
The last years of Owain's life were spent in disputes with the
Archbishop of Canterbury,
Thomas Becket, over the appointment of a new
Bishop of Bangor. When the see became vacant Owain had his nominee, Arthur of Bardsey, elected. The archbishop refused to accept this, so Owain had Arthur consecrated in
Ireland. The dispute continued, and the see remained officially vacant until well after Owain's death. He was also put under pressure by the Archbishop and the Pope to put aside his second wife, Cristin, who was his first cousin, this relationship making the marriage invalid under church law. Despite being
excommunicated for his defiance, Owain steadfastly refused to put Cristin aside. Owain died in 1170, and despite having been excommunicated was buried in
Bangor Cathedral by the local clergy. The annalist writing
Brut y Tywysogion recorded his death "after innumerable victories, and unconquered from his youth".
He is believed to have commissioned the propaganda text, ''
The Life of Gruffydd ap Cynan,'' an account of his father's life. Following his death, civil war broke out between his sons. Owain was married twice, first to Gwladus ferch Llywarch ap Trahaearn, by whom he had two sons,
Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd and Iorwerth Drwyndwn, the father of
Llywelyn the Great, then to Cristin, by whom he had three sons including
Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd and
Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd. He also had a number of illegitimate sons, who by
Welsh law had an equal claim on the inheritance if acknowledged by their father.
Heirs and Successors
Owain had originally designated Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd as his successor. Rhun was Owain's favourite son, and his premature death in 1147 plunged his father into a deep melancholy, from which he was only roused by the news that his forces had captured Mold castle. Owain then designated Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd as his successor, but after his death Hywel was first driven to seek refuge in Ireland by Cristin's sons, Dafydd and Rhodri, then killed at the battle of
Pentraeth when he returned with an Irish army. Dafydd and Rhodri split Gwynedd between them, but a generation passed before Gwynedd was restored to its former glory under Owain's grandson
Llywelyn the Great.
According to legend, one of Owain's sons was Prince
Madoc, who is popularly supposed to have fled across the
Atlantic and colonised
America. Altogether the prodigous Owain Gwynedd is said to have had the following children from two wives and at least four mistresses:
★
Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd (illegitimate)
★ '
Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd' (illegitimate)
★
Iorwerth ab Owain Gwynedd (from first wife 'Gwladys (Gladys) ferch Llywarch')
★
Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd, Lord of
Ynys Môn
★ Gwenllian ferch Owain Gwynedd
★ '
Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd' (from second wife 'Cristina (Christina) ferch Gronw')
★ '
Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd'
★ Angharad ferch Owain Gwynedd
★ Margaret ferch Owain Gwynedd
★
Iefan ab Owain Gwynedd
★
Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd, Lord of
Meirionnydd (illegitimate)
★
Rhirid ab Owain Gwynedd (illegitimate)
★
Madoc ab Owain Gwynedd (illegitimate)
★
Cynwrig ab Owain Gwynedd (illegitimate)
★ Gwenllian II ferch Owain Gwynedd (also shared the same name with a sister!)
★
Einion ab Owain Gwynedd (illegitimate)
★
Iago ab Owain Gwynedd (illegitimate)
★
Ffilip ab Owain Gwynedd (illegitimate)
★
Cadell ab Owain Gwynedd (illegitimate)
★
Rotpert ab Owain Gwynedd (illegitimate)
★
Idwal ab Owain Gwynedd (illegitimate)
★ Other daughters
Fiction
Owain is a major character in ''The summer of the Danes'' by
Ellis Peters, and also appears in other novels in this writer's
Brother Cadfael series. He also appears in ''Silver on the Tree'', the last book in
Susan Cooper's ''
The Dark Is Rising'' series.
References
★
John Edward Lloyd (1911) ''A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest'' (Longmans, Green & Co.)
★
Gruffudd ap Cynan : a collaborative biography, K.L. Maund (ed), , , Boydell Press, 1996, ISBN 0-85115-389-5
★ ''Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700'' by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 176B-25, 239-6
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