OPERATION SEALION
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'Operation ''Sealion''' ('Unternehmen ''Seelöwe''' in German) was a World War II Nazi German plan to invade the United Kingdom, beginning in 1940. The operation was abandoned in September 1940.
Following swift victory in the Battle of France, Germany believed the war in the west was won. However, the United Kingdom refused peace talks. As a result, more direct measures to break British resistance were considered.
Großadmiral Erich Raeder of the Kriegsmarine oversaw numerous studies for a German naval assault across the English Channel. The earliest of these, made around November 1939, identified the conditions for invasion:
#The Royal Navy must be eliminated.
#Royal Air Force air strength must be eliminated.
#Coastal defences must be destroyed.
#British submarine action against landing forces must be prevented.
The ''Oberkommando des Heeres'' (OKH) originally planned an invasion on a vast scale, extending along most of the English Channel, from Dorset to Kent. Final plans were more modest, calling for nine divisions to land by sea with around 67,000 men in the first echelon and an airborne division to support them.[1] The chosen invasion sites ran from Rottingdean in the west to Hythe in the east.
The battle plan called for German forces to be launched from Cherbourg to Lyme Regis, Le Havre to Ventnor and Brighton, Boulogne to Eastbourne, Calais to Folkestone, and Dunkirk and Ostend to Ramsgate. German paratroopers would land near Brighton and Dover. Once the coastline was secured, they would push north, taking Gloucester and encircling London.[2] German forces would secure England up to the 52nd parallel, anticipating that the rest of the United Kingdom would then surrender.
Adolf Hitler's initial warning order on 16 July 1940, reflected the most current thinking and set out the revised minimum pre-conditions. He prefaced his order by stating:
''"I have decided to prepare a landing operation against England, and if necessary to carry it out"''.[3]
Hitler's conditions for invasion were:
★ The RAF was to be ''"beaten down in its morale and in fact, that it can no longer display any appreciable aggressive force in opposition to the German crossing''".
★ The English Channel was to be swept of British mines at the crossing points, and the Straits of Dover must be blocked at both ends by German mines.
★ The coastal zone between occupied France and England must be dominated by heavy artillery.
★ The Royal Navy must be sufficiently engaged in the North Sea and the Mediterranean so that it could not intervene in the crossing. English home squadrons must be damaged or destroyed by air and torpedo attacks.
This placed responsibility for ''Sealion's success on the shoulders of OKM Großadmiral Erich Raeder and Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL) Reichsmarschall Herman Göring.
The aerial battles which resulted from ''Unternehmen Adler'' (Operation Eagle) later became known as the 'Battle of Britain'. ''Adler'''s objective was for the ''Luftwaffe'' to achieve air superiority over the Royal Air Force RAF and allow the German invasion fleet to cross the English Channel. However, the change in emphasis of the bombing from RAF bases to bombing London turned ''Adler'' into a strategic bombing operation. This switch afforded the RAF, reeling from ''Luftwaffe'' attacks on its bases, time to pull back and regroup.
British intelligence erroneously believed the ''Luftwaffe'' had a 4:1 advantage in aircraft. This led to the Royal Air Force mobilizing the last of its reserves and accelerating the rate of Spitfire production. In addition, the threat of invasion allowed a new technology, radar, to be tested in the field.
The main difficulty for Germany was the small size of its navy. The ''Kriegsmarine'' had lost most of its large modern surface units in the Norwegian campaign, either as complete losses or battle damage. In particular, losses of destroyers were crippling. The U-boats, the most powerful arm of the ''Kriegsmarine'', were not suitable for operations in the relatively shallow and restricted English Channel. Although the Royal Navy could not bring the whole of its naval superiority against the ''Kriegsmarine'' to bear (most of the fleet was engaged in the Atlantic and Mediterranean) the British Home Fleet still had a very large advantage in numbers. The difference in power between the British and German naval forces, together with the 22-mile width of the English Channel, made the amphibious invasion plan very risky, regardless of victory or defeat in the air during the Battle of Britain. In addition, the Kriegsmarine had allocated its few remaining larger and modern ships to diversionary operations in the North Sea.
The French fleet, one of the most powerful and modern in the world, might have tipped the balance against Britain if operated by the ''Kriegsmarine''. The destruction of the French fleet by the British during the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, as well as the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon two years later, ensured that this could never occur.
Even had the Royal Navy been neutralised, the chances of making a successful amphibious invasion across the channel were remote. The transport ships to be used by the Germans for landing were primarily river barges since the Germans had no specialized landing craft. This would have limited the quantity of artillery and tanks that could have been transported, and restricted operations to times of good weather. The barges were not designed for the open sea in any event, so absent almost perfect conditions, they would have been useless. Nor were there enough barges to transport the first invasion wave and the following waves and their equipment. Without specialised landing craft, the Germans would have needed to immediately capture one of the ports, an unlikely situation considering the strength of the British coastal defences around the south-eastern harbours at that time. The British also had several contingency plans, including the planned use of poison gas, which would have made an invasion even more difficult.
On 17 September 1940, Hitler held a meeting with Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt. Hitler became convinced that the operation was doomed. Control of the skies was unavailable, and coordination between three branches of the government was out of question. Later that day, Hitler ordered the cancellation of the operation.
Had Operation ''Sealion'' been launched, six ''Einsatzgruppen'' were to follow the invasion force to Great Britain. They were provided with a list (known as The Black Book after the war) of 2,820 people to be arrested immediately.
Military historians are divided on whether Operation ''Sealion'' might have succeeded; some (such as Michael Burleigh, Andrew Mollo, and Kenneth Macksey[4]) believe success was possible, others (such as Derek Robinson and Stephen Bungay) believe the operation would have most likely resulted in a disaster for the Germans if attempted. Adolf Galland, commander of ''Luftwaffe'' fighters at the time, claimed invasion plans were not serious and that there was a palpable sense of relief in ''Wehrmacht'' when it was finally called off.
After the London Blitz, Hitler turned his attention to more important matters, the invasion of the Soviet Union, and ''Seelöwe'' lapsed, never to be resumed.
In wargames conducted at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1974, which assumed the ''Luftwaffe'' had ''not'' yet won air supremacy, the Germans were able to establish a beachhead in England by using a minefield screen in the English Channel to protect the initial assault. However, the German ground forces were delayed at the "Stop Lines" (e.g. the GHQ Line), a layered series of defensive positions that had been built, each a combination of British Home Guard troops and physical barriers. At the same time, the regular troops of the British Army were forming up. After only a few days, the Royal Navy was able to reach the Channel from Scapa Flow, cutting off supplies and blocking further reinforcement. Isolated and facing regular troops with armour and artillery, the invasion force was made to surrender.[5]
Tk Computerware released a computer simulation called ''Britain Invaded!'' (aka ''Operation Sealion'') in 1985.[6]
★ British anti-invasion preparations of World War II
★ Operation ''Sealion'' order of battle
★ Operation ''Herkules'' - The planned German invasion of Malta
★ Operation ''Tannenbaum'' - The planned German invasion of Switzerland
★ Operation ''Felix'' - The planned German invasion of Gibraltar
★ Fall ''Grün'' - The planned German invasion of Ireland.
1. Schenck, Peter C., ''Invasion of England 1940: The Planning of Operation Sealion'', p. 231. Conway, London, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-548-9
2. The Illustrated History of World War II by Owen Booth and John Walton. 1998. Page 70.
3. Hall, Mark M: "Irish Secret's.", page 102. Irish Academic Press, 2003
4. Who actually wrote a fictional treatment of it, ''Invasion'', based on German planning documents.
5. The Sandhurst wargame was fictionalised in Richard Cox (ed.), ''Operation Sealion'' (London: Thornton Cox, 1974. ISBN 0-902726-17-X). An analysis by F-K von Plehwe, "Operation ''Sealion'' 1940", was published in the Journal of the Royal United Services Institution, March, 1973.
6.
★ Operation ''Sea Lion'', , Peter, Fleming, Simon & Schuster, 1957, ISBN 0330242113
★ Where the eagle landed : the mystery of the German invasion of Britain, 1940, , Peter, Haining, Robson, 2004, ISBN 1861057504
★ Cassell Military Classics: Operation ''Sea Lion'': The German Plan To Invade Britain, 1940, , Egbert, Kieser, Sterling, 1987, ISBN 030435208X
★ Summer, 1940: The Battle of Britain, , Roger, Parkinson, David McKay Co., 1977, ISBN 0679507566
★ Macksey, Ken. ''Invasion''.
★ British Invasion Defences
★ Operation ''Seelöwe'' directive No.16
★ Why ''Sealion'' was not a (realistic) option (essay)
★ ''Sealion'': an orthodox view (includes quotes from participants)
★ Operation Overlord V Operation ''Sealion'' comparison, available here.
| Contents |
| Background |
| Operation ''Eagle'' and air superiority |
| Navy |
| Cancellation |
| Chances of success |
| Post-war test of the plan |
| See also |
| References |
| Further reading |
| External links |
Background
Following swift victory in the Battle of France, Germany believed the war in the west was won. However, the United Kingdom refused peace talks. As a result, more direct measures to break British resistance were considered.
Großadmiral Erich Raeder of the Kriegsmarine oversaw numerous studies for a German naval assault across the English Channel. The earliest of these, made around November 1939, identified the conditions for invasion:
#The Royal Navy must be eliminated.
#Royal Air Force air strength must be eliminated.
#Coastal defences must be destroyed.
#British submarine action against landing forces must be prevented.
The ''Oberkommando des Heeres'' (OKH) originally planned an invasion on a vast scale, extending along most of the English Channel, from Dorset to Kent. Final plans were more modest, calling for nine divisions to land by sea with around 67,000 men in the first echelon and an airborne division to support them.[1] The chosen invasion sites ran from Rottingdean in the west to Hythe in the east.
The battle plan called for German forces to be launched from Cherbourg to Lyme Regis, Le Havre to Ventnor and Brighton, Boulogne to Eastbourne, Calais to Folkestone, and Dunkirk and Ostend to Ramsgate. German paratroopers would land near Brighton and Dover. Once the coastline was secured, they would push north, taking Gloucester and encircling London.[2] German forces would secure England up to the 52nd parallel, anticipating that the rest of the United Kingdom would then surrender.
Plan of Operation ''Sealion''.
Adolf Hitler's initial warning order on 16 July 1940, reflected the most current thinking and set out the revised minimum pre-conditions. He prefaced his order by stating:
''"I have decided to prepare a landing operation against England, and if necessary to carry it out"''.[3]
Hitler's conditions for invasion were:
★ The RAF was to be ''"beaten down in its morale and in fact, that it can no longer display any appreciable aggressive force in opposition to the German crossing''".
★ The English Channel was to be swept of British mines at the crossing points, and the Straits of Dover must be blocked at both ends by German mines.
★ The coastal zone between occupied France and England must be dominated by heavy artillery.
★ The Royal Navy must be sufficiently engaged in the North Sea and the Mediterranean so that it could not intervene in the crossing. English home squadrons must be damaged or destroyed by air and torpedo attacks.
This placed responsibility for ''Sealion's success on the shoulders of OKM Großadmiral Erich Raeder and Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL) Reichsmarschall Herman Göring.
Operation ''Eagle'' and air superiority
The aerial battles which resulted from ''Unternehmen Adler'' (Operation Eagle) later became known as the 'Battle of Britain'. ''Adler'''s objective was for the ''Luftwaffe'' to achieve air superiority over the Royal Air Force RAF and allow the German invasion fleet to cross the English Channel. However, the change in emphasis of the bombing from RAF bases to bombing London turned ''Adler'' into a strategic bombing operation. This switch afforded the RAF, reeling from ''Luftwaffe'' attacks on its bases, time to pull back and regroup.
British intelligence erroneously believed the ''Luftwaffe'' had a 4:1 advantage in aircraft. This led to the Royal Air Force mobilizing the last of its reserves and accelerating the rate of Spitfire production. In addition, the threat of invasion allowed a new technology, radar, to be tested in the field.
Navy
The main difficulty for Germany was the small size of its navy. The ''Kriegsmarine'' had lost most of its large modern surface units in the Norwegian campaign, either as complete losses or battle damage. In particular, losses of destroyers were crippling. The U-boats, the most powerful arm of the ''Kriegsmarine'', were not suitable for operations in the relatively shallow and restricted English Channel. Although the Royal Navy could not bring the whole of its naval superiority against the ''Kriegsmarine'' to bear (most of the fleet was engaged in the Atlantic and Mediterranean) the British Home Fleet still had a very large advantage in numbers. The difference in power between the British and German naval forces, together with the 22-mile width of the English Channel, made the amphibious invasion plan very risky, regardless of victory or defeat in the air during the Battle of Britain. In addition, the Kriegsmarine had allocated its few remaining larger and modern ships to diversionary operations in the North Sea.
The French fleet, one of the most powerful and modern in the world, might have tipped the balance against Britain if operated by the ''Kriegsmarine''. The destruction of the French fleet by the British during the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, as well as the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon two years later, ensured that this could never occur.
Even had the Royal Navy been neutralised, the chances of making a successful amphibious invasion across the channel were remote. The transport ships to be used by the Germans for landing were primarily river barges since the Germans had no specialized landing craft. This would have limited the quantity of artillery and tanks that could have been transported, and restricted operations to times of good weather. The barges were not designed for the open sea in any event, so absent almost perfect conditions, they would have been useless. Nor were there enough barges to transport the first invasion wave and the following waves and their equipment. Without specialised landing craft, the Germans would have needed to immediately capture one of the ports, an unlikely situation considering the strength of the British coastal defences around the south-eastern harbours at that time. The British also had several contingency plans, including the planned use of poison gas, which would have made an invasion even more difficult.
Cancellation
On 17 September 1940, Hitler held a meeting with Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt. Hitler became convinced that the operation was doomed. Control of the skies was unavailable, and coordination between three branches of the government was out of question. Later that day, Hitler ordered the cancellation of the operation.
Had Operation ''Sealion'' been launched, six ''Einsatzgruppen'' were to follow the invasion force to Great Britain. They were provided with a list (known as The Black Book after the war) of 2,820 people to be arrested immediately.
Chances of success
Military historians are divided on whether Operation ''Sealion'' might have succeeded; some (such as Michael Burleigh, Andrew Mollo, and Kenneth Macksey[4]) believe success was possible, others (such as Derek Robinson and Stephen Bungay) believe the operation would have most likely resulted in a disaster for the Germans if attempted. Adolf Galland, commander of ''Luftwaffe'' fighters at the time, claimed invasion plans were not serious and that there was a palpable sense of relief in ''Wehrmacht'' when it was finally called off.
After the London Blitz, Hitler turned his attention to more important matters, the invasion of the Soviet Union, and ''Seelöwe'' lapsed, never to be resumed.
Post-war test of the plan
In wargames conducted at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1974, which assumed the ''Luftwaffe'' had ''not'' yet won air supremacy, the Germans were able to establish a beachhead in England by using a minefield screen in the English Channel to protect the initial assault. However, the German ground forces were delayed at the "Stop Lines" (e.g. the GHQ Line), a layered series of defensive positions that had been built, each a combination of British Home Guard troops and physical barriers. At the same time, the regular troops of the British Army were forming up. After only a few days, the Royal Navy was able to reach the Channel from Scapa Flow, cutting off supplies and blocking further reinforcement. Isolated and facing regular troops with armour and artillery, the invasion force was made to surrender.[5]
Tk Computerware released a computer simulation called ''Britain Invaded!'' (aka ''Operation Sealion'') in 1985.[6]
See also
★ British anti-invasion preparations of World War II
★ Operation ''Sealion'' order of battle
★ Operation ''Herkules'' - The planned German invasion of Malta
★ Operation ''Tannenbaum'' - The planned German invasion of Switzerland
★ Operation ''Felix'' - The planned German invasion of Gibraltar
★ Fall ''Grün'' - The planned German invasion of Ireland.
References
1. Schenck, Peter C., ''Invasion of England 1940: The Planning of Operation Sealion'', p. 231. Conway, London, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-548-9
2. The Illustrated History of World War II by Owen Booth and John Walton. 1998. Page 70.
3. Hall, Mark M: "Irish Secret's.", page 102. Irish Academic Press, 2003
4. Who actually wrote a fictional treatment of it, ''Invasion'', based on German planning documents.
5. The Sandhurst wargame was fictionalised in Richard Cox (ed.), ''Operation Sealion'' (London: Thornton Cox, 1974. ISBN 0-902726-17-X). An analysis by F-K von Plehwe, "Operation ''Sealion'' 1940", was published in the Journal of the Royal United Services Institution, March, 1973.
6.
Further reading
★ Operation ''Sea Lion'', , Peter, Fleming, Simon & Schuster, 1957, ISBN 0330242113
★ Where the eagle landed : the mystery of the German invasion of Britain, 1940, , Peter, Haining, Robson, 2004, ISBN 1861057504
★ Cassell Military Classics: Operation ''Sea Lion'': The German Plan To Invade Britain, 1940, , Egbert, Kieser, Sterling, 1987, ISBN 030435208X
★ Summer, 1940: The Battle of Britain, , Roger, Parkinson, David McKay Co., 1977, ISBN 0679507566
★ Macksey, Ken. ''Invasion''.
External links
★ British Invasion Defences
★ Operation ''Seelöwe'' directive No.16
★ Why ''Sealion'' was not a (realistic) option (essay)
★ ''Sealion'': an orthodox view (includes quotes from participants)
★ Operation Overlord V Operation ''Sealion'' comparison, available here.
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