'Norwich University' (NU) is a
private university located in
Northfield,
Vermont. It is home to both a Corps of Cadets (NUCC) and a smaller traditional student population. The University was originally founded in
1819 at
Norwich, Vermont, as the 'American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy'. It is the oldest private
military college in the
United States and recognized by the
Department of Defense as the "Birthplace of
ROTC." It is the first U.S. military academy to admit African-Americans, the first to admit women on equal footing with their male counterparts, and the first American military academy to adopt a policy of non-discrimation on sexual orientation.
History
Partridge and his academy
The University was founded in
1819 at Norwich by military educator
Captain Alden B. Partridge. Captain Partridge believed in the "American System of Education," a traditional
liberal arts curriculum with instruction in
civil engineering and
military science. After leaving
West Point because of congressional disapproval of his system, he returned to his native state of
Vermont to create the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy. Captain Partridge, in founding his Academy, rebelled against the reforms of
Sylvanus Thayer to prevent the rise of what he saw as the greatest threat to the security of the young republic: a professional officer class. He believed that a well-trained
militia was a dire necessity and developed the American system around that idea. His academy became the inspiration for a number of
military colleges throughout the nation, including both the
Virginia Military Institute and
The Citadel, and later the
land grant colleges created through the
Morrill Act of 1862.
[1]
Fire and hardship: Norwich in the 19th century
In
1825 the academy moved to
Middletown,
Connecticut to provide better naval training to the school's growing corps of cadets. However, in
1829, the state of Connecticut declined to grant Captain Partridge a charter and he moved the school back to Norwich. It wasn't until
1834 that Vermont granted a charter and recognized the institution as "Norwich University." The University, beginning in
1826, offered the first program of courses in
civil engineering in the US. During the
1856 academic year, the first chapter of the
Theta Chi Fraternity was founded by cadets
Frederick Norton Freeman and
Arthur Chase. With the beginning of the
Civil War in
1861, Norwich cadets served as instructors of the state militias throughout the
Northeast and the entire class of
1862 enlisted upon its graduation. Because of the university's participation in the struggle, the number of students dwindled to 7 in the class of
1864 alone. After a catastrophic fire in
1866 which devastated the entire campus, the town of Northfield welcomed the struggling school. The Civil War, the fire, and the uncertainty regarding the continuation of the University seriously lowered the attendance, and the school opened in the fall of 1866 with only nineteen students. The 1870s and '80s saw many financially turbulent times for the institution and the renaming of the school to 'Lewis College' in
1880. In 1881 the student body was reduced to only a dozen men. Later, by
1884, the Vermont Legislature had the name of the school changed back to Norwich. In
1898 the University was designated as the 'Military College of the State of Vermont'.
War and expansion: Norwich in the 20th century
As part of the
Vermont National Guard, the school's Corps of Cadets was mobilized as a squadron of cavalry in the First Vermont Regiment to assist in General
John J. Pershing's Mexican Expedition. This greatly disrupted the academic year and in
1916 the
War Department designated Norwich as the first site for a Senior
ROTC cavalry unit; also in 1916, the first African-American,
Harold 'Doc' Martin (NU 1920), matriculated. Classes graduated early for both the
First and
Second World Wars and many Norwich-made officers saw service in all theaters of both conflicts. Professional education offered at Norwich also changed and adapted with the advance of technology. Military flight training began in
1939 and from
1946 to
1947, horse
cavalry was completely phased out in favor of
armored cavalry.
Graduates returning from European and Pacific fields of battle found a university very different from the one they had left behind. From the late 1940s to the 1960s, Norwich was greatly expanded and added a number of new opportunities. In 1947, the
Army Department created a new program uniquely suited to Vermont's harsh climate: a mountain and cold weather warfare unit.
Air Force and
Navy ROTC programs were established in
1972 and
1984 respectively. During the
1974 school year, the University admitted women into the Corps of Cadets. Although unpopular at the time, Norwich University began a social trend that would move the country closer in
gender equality. The 1972 merger and
1993 integration with
Vermont College added two groups to "the Hill," civilian students and women. (Norwich later sold its Vermont College campus and non-traditional degree programs to the
Union Institute and University in 2001.
[2])
The Bicentennial and beyond: Norwich in the 21st century
The ending of one century and birth of a new finds Norwich with a robust Corps of Cadets and a thriving traditional student body. Norwich maintains its position as a center of learning for civil service with online graduate programs, the 5 year Master of Architecture program and since
2001 an
National Security Agency-sponsored Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance.
NU 2019
As the University moves closer to the bicentennial of the school's founding, the NU2019 plan was launched in
2005. Under the guidance of the Alumni Association, the Board of Trustees and the Office of the President, the University has budgeted millions of dollars to radically change and improve the campus.
Proposed additions are to include:
★ Traditional Student housing quad separate from the Corps housing on the Upper Parade Ground
★ Harmon Hall dining facility rebuilt into a Campus Service Center
★ A refurbishment of Webb and Ainsworth Halls and a new Humanities & Social Science quad
★ Improved transportation network and general campus beautification
★ Increasing enrollment by five-hundred undergraduate students
Campus
Norwich University in winter as observed from the "Ski Hill".
Academic buildings
'Ainsworth Hall'
In
1910 Ainsworth Hall was constructed for the United States Weather Bureau as their central Vermont station. Later returned to the University in
1948, it served as the Administrative Headquarters of the campus. By
1955, growth of the University forced the relocation of the Administration back up the hill to Dewey Hall. When also in 1955 construction began on Webb Hall to the immediate west of the building, the infirmary moved into the now empty structure. Due to expansion of the University in the
1960s and
1970s the building was converted into the home of the Division of Social Sciences. The building is named for Mrs. Laura Ainsworth, widow of Captain James E. Ainsworth (NU 1853), who in
1915 worked to bring an infirmary to campus.
'Chaplin Hall'
Chaplin Hall, originally Carnegie Hall, was built in
1907 and is the home of the Division of Architecture & Art. Paid for by
Andrew Carnegie, the building served as the University's library until
1993 with the construction of Kreitzberg Library. When the library was renovated in
1952, from the contributions of trustee Henry P. Chaplin it was rededicated as the Henry Prescott Chaplin Memorial Library. Until
1941 and the addition of Partridge Hall to the growing campus, Chaplin Hall also provided the classrooms and offices for the Department of Electrical Engineering.
'Communications Building'
This building, on the site of the first building in Center Northfield, contains the offices and classrooms of the Communications Department. The offices for the Guidon and the studios for both the University's radio station WNUB-FM are also located in this building. The building was purchased by the University in
1973 and restored in
1988.
'Dewey Hall'
Named for
Admiral of the Navy George Dewey and completed in
1902, Dewey Hall is one of the oldest buildings in the Northfield campus. It was originally two stories high with the lower floor occupied by offices of the University's administration, the library and museum. Office space for trustees and faculty, a chapel with a seating of five hundred and the United States Weather Bureau were located on the second floor. With the departure of the Weather Bureau in 1909 and the completion of the then new Carnegie Library in 1907 the Hall was primarily used by the Military Department. In October,
1925 a fire gutted the building which led to its reconstruction as a three story structure. Dewey Hall currently houses the Division of Business & Management and a computer lab.
'Hollis House'
Hollis House is today the location of a number of classrooms and offices of the Division of Humanities. Built in
1852, the building was until
1909 the house of a number of prominent residents of Northfield. When sold that year to the University it became part of the
US Weather Bureau's station collocated on campus. The building was later named for David B. "Dixie" Hollis (NU 1922) who upon his death in 1993 donated what was until that point the largest single in the University's history, a total of seven million dollars.
'Engineering, Math and Science Complex'
The Engineering, Math and Science Complex houses the David Crawford School of Engineering as well as the departments of
Geology,
Chemistry,
Physics,
Biology and
Mathematics. The complex is composed of five buildings: Juckett, Partridge and Tompkins Halls; the Science Building and the Cabot Annex. The complex was completed in
1997 and replaced a previous set of
1940s and
1950s era facilities. The Engineering, Math and Science Complex also contains the University's Computer Services office and the majority of the campus' independent computer labs.
'Kreitzberg Library'
Kreitzberg Library is named in recognition of Barbara and Chairman of the Board of Trustees
Fred Kreitzberg (NU 1957). The Library has a catalogue of more than 240,000 books, about 800 archived periodicals, and a collection of Federal government publications. The Norwich University Archives and Special Collections houses rare books and unique source materials relating to military history, the history of Vermont, and the history of the University. The 58,000 square foot library was designed by Perry, Dean, Rogers & Partners and was completed in 1993 at a cost of $8.1 million.
'Webb Hall'
Webb Hall was completed in
1960 and originally housed the English, Modern Languages, Social Sciences, Business Administration and the Psychology and Education departments. Currently, the Division of Humanities, Nursing Department and Education program are located in this building. Twenty one classrooms, three seminar rooms and a computer lab are available. Dole Auditorium, which can seat over four hundred people, is also located in Webb Hall. The building is named after
J. Watson Webb, a Norwich trustee and world class polo player. Dole Auditorium honors
Charles Dole (NU 1869), who served in his career at the University as an instructor in Mathematics and Latin, a professor of history and rhetoric, the commandant of cadets and acting president of the University from
1895 to
1896.
Residence halls and cadet barracks
★ Hawkins Hall — Named for General Hawkins, a colonel in the Civil War and later New York State Congressman. Built in
1940 and renovated in
1994
★ Dodge Hall — Named for
Grenville M. Dodge (NU 1851), only all-traditional residence hall on the Upper Parade Ground. Originally named Cabot Hall, it was built in
1937 and renovated in
1998
★ Patterson Hall — Named for a 1909 graduate in Civil Engineering and a trustee. Built in
1958
★ Goodyear Hall — Named for Major General
A. Conger Goodyear, a trustee and founder of the
Museum of Modern Art. Built in
1955 and renovated in
1999
★ Wilson Hall — Named for a Judge and
Governor of Vermont,
Stanley Calef Wilson.
★ Alumni Hall — First housing-only hall at the Northfield campus, named for the significant alumnus contributions that allowed for its construction. Built in
1905 and renovated in
2005
★ Ransom Hall — Named after Colonel
Truman B. Ransom, the second president of the University who was killed leading the assault on
Chapultepec during the
Mexican-American War. Built in
1957
★ Gerard Hall — Named after industrialist and philanthropist
Jacques A. Gerard who became a trustee in
1959. Built in
1962
★ Crawford Hall — Named after
David C. Crawford, a
1952 graduate, for whom the School of Engineering is also named, it is the only residence hall not on the Upper Parade Ground and is reserved for traditional students. Built in
1988
Athletic buildings
'Andrews Hall'
Andrews Hall, built in 1980, houses the Departments of the Health, Physical Education and Athletics. In addition, it has basketball and racquetball courts and the equipment and training rooms for the university's varsity and intramural teams. The Athletic Hall of Fame is also located in Andrews Hall. The facility honors trustee
Paul R. Andrews (NU 1930).
'Kreitzberg Arena'
Kreitzberg Arena, also named in for the Kreitzberg family, is the home of Norwich Hockey. Construction on this multi-purpose arena was completed in the spring of
1998. The 59,000 square ft. arena has a 200 x 90 ice surface and seating for 1400, with a maximum capacity of 5,000 for special events. The arena also hosts the
ECAC Hockey East Regional Finals.
'Plumley Armory'
The Armory, built in 1928, is named to honor a distinguished 1896 graduate of the University,
Charles A. Plumley. Plumley served as the President of the University from
1930 to
1934 when he was elected to
Congress as Vermont's sole representative from 1934 to
1951. The main floor of the building provides seating space for 4,000 in an area as large as three basketball courts. There is an elevated running track as well as locker rooms, training rooms, and Navy ROTC offices in the basement. Connected to the Armory is Goodyear Pool. Built in
1962, the Pool is a 25 x 14 yard 5 lane facility that is open to all University members.
'Shapiro Field House'
Shapiro Field House, built in 1987 and named for trustee
Jacob Shapiro (NU 1936), houses a multipurpose arena that has a 200-meter indoor running track, four tennis courts, and a climbing wall. It is also used for athletic practices, Commencement, concerts and other university functions.
Other buildings
'The Harmon Memorial'
The Harmon Memorial is a tribute to
Major General Ernest Harmon, who attended Norwich University from
1912 to
1913 and was later president from
1950 to
1979. Recorded on the memorial, by year of death, are the names of alumni, faculty, staff, and friends of Norwich University that have made a "significant contribution" to the University.
'Harmon Hall'
Harmon Hall opened in 1955 and later enlarged in 1958. Since then, it has served as the focal point for student life and activities. The campus mess hall, bookstore, post office, and The Mill (a snack bar open to upperclassmen and civilian freshmen) are located on the lower two floors. The Foreign Student Office, Student Activities, Yearbook Office, Music Program offices, a game room, and a lounge were located on the top floor. This floor originally housed the departments of English, History, and Modern Languages until they were moved to Webb Hall in 1960. Harmon Hall is currently undergoing a
major multi-million-dollar remodeling due to be completed in
2007. The addition onto Harmon Hall will be named the Wise Campus Center and house new dining and food preparation facilities as well as a new book store, post ofice, and other student recreation facilities.
'Jackman Hall'
Norwich University moved to Northfield from Norwich, Vermont in 1866 when the South Barracks at the older location were destroyed by fire. Old Jackman Hall was the first building to be constructed at the new central Vermont site. The building was erected in 1868, and named Jackman Hall in 1907 to honor Brigadier General
Alonzo Jackman (NU 1836) a distinguished faculty member, creator of the trans-Atlantic telegraph cable system and commander of the Vermont Brigade during the Civil War. From its construction till 1905 the building served as housing for cadets. In the mid-1950s Jackman Hall was extensively remodeled and modernized, however, it became apparent that the almost century-old barracks were too costly to maintain. It was decided that rather than pay for near continual upkeep to build a new hall on the same site. As many newer barracks had been built since its original construction it was decided that the new Jackman Hall would serve as the primary administration building. Currently the Army and Air Force ROTC departments are housed in Jackman, as well.
'White Chapel'
Constructed by a gift from
Eugene L. White (NU 1914), a trustee, the chapel was completed in 1941. Originally designed as a multi-purpose building, then White Hall has served as a mess hall with a dining room, lunch room, kitchen, a college store and a recreational room. White Hall was converted to the University's first single-purpose chapel after Harmon Hall was opened in
1955. There are two bronze plaques on the walls that honor the Norwich war dead. Weekly services include
Catholic Mass on Saturday and Sunday,
Non-denominational service on Sunday, and
Islamic Prayer on Friday.
'Sullivan Museum and History Center'
One of the newest buildings on the campus, the Sullivan Museum was opened in January of 2007. The building is named after General Gordon R. Sullivan (ret.), Norwich class of 1959 and former U. S. Army Chief of Staff. The Sullivan Museum houses state of the art conservation, storage, and display facilities for the wide variety of Norwich University artifacts and memorabilia. Items currently displayed cover a wide spectrum of Norwich history, including uniforms worm by Alden Partridge and Alonzo Jackman to pieces from more recent history.
'Wise Campus Center'
The 71,000-square-foot Wise Campus Center serves as the social hub of the Norwich campus. Nestled against a backdrop of Paine Mountain, the glass jewel-box building offers community members spectacular views of the campus and the surrounding natural areas of Central Vermont. The WCC is modern in both appearance and functionality — students, staff and faculty can connect to the wireless network, grab a quick meal at the café and catch a film in the screening room.
The center also affords patrons the benefits associated with a small college community — quiet sitting areas near fireplaces, faculty and student lounges, a recreation room and a top-notch dining area. Other amenities provided in the campus center include the University’s twenty-one plus Partidge’s Pub, a double-height winter garden, the campus bookstore and multiple meeting rooms. Outside the WCC, community members can also enjoy the benefits of the campus center. An external-facing fireplace serves as a welcoming refuge after a day of skating on the University’s outdoor rink, which is located on the quad just outside the center. During warmer months, the dining terrace provides a cool spot to enjoy an iced coffee or some light fare, and the quad becomes the University’s recreation hot-spot, perfectly suited for Frisbee, a game of catch or simply soaking up the sun.
Athletics
The Norwich University Cadets compete at the NCAA Division III level and are affiliated in one of four conferences, mainly the
Great Northeast Athletic Conference. There are 11 varsity sports and one club sport for men at Norwich University. The Cadets participate in Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Football, Soccer, Lacrosse, and more. In recent years, Norwich men's teams have been regularly found in the national rankings, won conference titles, and won two national championships in ice hockey.
This is an exciting time for women's athletics at Norwich University. Two sports, lacrosse and volleyball, have recently been approved to receive varsity status and will compete as such in coming years. All current women's varsity teams compete at the NCAA Division III level and are members of the Great Northeast Athletic Conference. Some of the sports the women compete in are Basketball, Ice Hockey, Lacrosse, Soccer, Softball, Swimming & Diving, and more.
The Norwich Men's Basketball team returned to the NCAA Tournament in 2006 after winning the GNAC post-season title. Head Coach Paul Booth garnered GNAC Coach of the Year honors for a second straight season, while point guard Geoff Hensley was named to the All-GNAC 1st Team and forward Rene Cheatham made the All-GNAC 2nd Team.
Students and organization
The University has approx. 2,000
undergraduate students, 112 full-time faculty (approx. 80% hold a doctorate), and a fluctuating number of adjunct professors. The student/faculty ratio is 14:1 and the male/female ratio is 2:1. The freshman retention rate is 80%. The student body is comprised of students from over 40 different states and 20 countries.
Norwich University has two very different on-campus resident programs: the Corps of Cadets and the traditional student body.
Corps
The Corps side is structured as a
regiment commanded by a Cadet Colonel (C/COL) with four
battalions each commanded by a Cadet Lieutenant Colonel (C/LTC). Normally, each battalion consists of three
companies commanded by a Cadet Captain (C/CPT) which are made of two platoons (1st platoon is the upperclassmen and 2nd platoon the freshmen, or "Rooks").
Traditional
The Resident Life Department oversees the "civilian" side. Floors in the Residence Halls are under the supervision of a
Resident Advisor (RA). The Residence Halls are in turn supervised by Assistant Resident Coordinators (ARC) who report to the Resident Coordinator (RC) and the Director (DoRL) and Assistant Director (ADoRL) of Resident Life. Norwich is unique in that students hold positions that at many other colleges and universities are reserved for professional staff.
Notable alumni
Military
★
Captain George Musalas "Colvos" Colvocoresses (NU 1831) — US Navy officer who commanded the
USS ''Saratoga'' during the
American Civil War.
★
Brigadier General Edward Bancroft Williston (NU 1856) —
Medal of Honor Recipient for his actions at the
Battle of Trevilian Station, Virginia during the Civil War, first initiated member of Theta Chi.
★ Admiral of the Navy
George Dewey — Commanded the US Navy's
Asiatic Squadron at the
Battle of Manila Bay during the
Spanish-American War.
★ Brigadier General
Edmund Rice (NU 1859) — Earned the Medal of Honor for repelling
Pickett's Charge during the
Battle of Gettysburg.
★
Colonel Thomas O. Seaver (NU 1859) — Commanded the
3rd Vermont Infantry during the Civil War, later a judge. Earned the
Medal of Honor for his heroism during the
Battle of Spotsylvania.
★
Rear Admiral George A. Converse (NU 1863) — Officer of the US Navy, who was noted for his contributions to naval engineering including the creation of
torpedo boats. He saw service in the
Spanish-American War. Later appointed the appointed Chief of the Bureaus of Equipment, Ordnance, and Navigation. Two
destroyers have been named in his honor.
★
1st Lieutenant James Porter — Officer in the
7th Cavalry from
1869 to
1876, killed at the
Battle of the Little Bighorn.
★
General Hiram Iddings Bearss —
Marine Corps officer who was awarded the
Medal of Honor for heroism during the
Philippine-American War and the
Distinguished Service Cross for his valor in
World War I.
★
Lieutenant General Edward H. Brooks (NU 1916) —
Armored corps commander during the Second World War.
★ Major General
Ernest N. Harmon — Armored
division, corps and later German Constabulary commander. Became the 22nd President of the University in 1950.
Ernest Harmon Air Force Base is named in his honor.
★
General Isaac D. White (NU 1922) —
Second World War US Army
Corps commander and Commanding General of
US Army, Pacific from
1957 to
1961.
★
Captain James M. Burt (NU 1939) —
Medal of Honor and
Purple Heart recipient for his actions during the
Battle of the Bulge, alumnus of Theta Chi.
★
Major Harold Watson (NU 1940) — Participated in General
James Doolittle’s raid on Tokyo in WWII, alumnus of Theta Chi.
★
General Gordon R. Sullivan (NU 1959) —
Army Chief of Staff from
1991 to
1995.
★ Major General John C. Koziol (NU 1976) — Commander,
Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency and head of the
Joint Information Operations Warfare Command from 2005 to present.
Business
★
Harry Bates Thayer — President from
1919 to
1925 and Chairman of the Board of
AT&T until
1928
★
Brigadier General Robert F. McDermott — Former CEO of United Services Automobile Association (USAA), introduced the "whole person" concept into service academy admissions, served as the first dean of the U.S. Air Force Academy.
★
Pierson Mapes (NU 1959) — President of
NBC from
1982 to
1994
Engineering & Architecture
★
Edwin Ferry Johnson (NU 1825) — Surveyor of the
Erie and
Champlain Canal and chief engineer of the New York & Albany and
Northern Pacific railroads.
★
Major General Grenville Dodge (NU 1850) —
Civil War General, US Congressman and later Chief Engineer of the
Union Pacific Railroad.
Dodge City, KS is named in his honor.
★
Edward D. Adams (NU 1864) — Engineer and builder of the
Niagara Falls Power facility
★
Samuel T. Wellman (NU 1866) — American steel industry pioneer, industrialist, and prolific inventor. Wellman was also president of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers from 1901 to 1902.
★
William Rutherford Mead — Joined with
Charles Follen McKim and
Stanford White to form
McKim, Mead, and White in
1879. Associated with the
City Beautiful and
Beaux Arts movements,
McKim, Mead, and White designed the
Rhode Island State House, the
Morningside Heights campus of
Columbia University, the New York
Pennsylvania Station and the
West Wing of the
White House.
Political
★
William Little Lee (NU 1842) — Lawyer and
privy counselor to
Kamehameha III of Hawaii, later served as the Kingdom's chief justice from
1848 to his death in
1857.
★
Gideon Welles —
Secretary of the Navy from
1861 to
1869 under
Presidents Abraham Lincoln and
Andrew Johnson.
★
Edward Stanly (NU 1829) —
Whig politician and
orator who served the
State of North Carolina in the Congress from
1837 to
1843 and again from
1847 to
1853. He later ran unsuccessfully for Governorship of
California as a
Republican in
1857.
★
Burleigh F. Spalding (NU 1877) — Served as a
United States Representative from
North Dakota from
1899 to
1901 and again from
1903 to
1905 and a member of the
North Dakota Supreme Court from
1908 to
1915.
★
Colonel Ernest Willard Gibson (NU 1894) — Served in the
Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont State Senate from 1906 his election to
Congress in
1923. Represented
Vermont in the
House from 1923 to his
1933 appointment to the
Senate where he served until his death in
1940.
★ Colonel
Ernest W. Gibson, Jr. (NU 1923) —
U.S. Senator from
1940 to
1941, left to serve in the US Army in the
Pacific Theater. Later the
Governor of Vermont from
1946 to
1950, alumnus of Theta Chi
★
Colin Kenny (NU 1966) — Advisor to
Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau from
1970 to
1979, appointed to the
Canadian Senate by Trudeau in
1984 for the province of
Ontario.
★
Jason R. Holsman — Member of the
Missouri House of Representatives.
Other notable alumni
★
Frederick Townsend Ward — American
soldier of fortune famous for his military victories for
Imperial China during the
Taiping Rebellion.
★ Arthur Chase (NU 1856) — Co-founder of
Theta Chi Fraternity.
★ Harold Douglas Martin (NU 1920) —
African-American educator and soldier who directed the Ground School at
Tuskegee Air Field from
1943 till his death in
1945.
★
Marjorie Welish — Poet, author, artist and art critic.
★
Allen Doyle (NU 1971) —
Golfer who is a leading player on the
Champions Tour.
★
Major Michael Mori (NU 1991) —
Marine Corps officer and lawyer of
Guantanamo Bay detainee
David Matthew Hicks, aka Abu Muslim al-Austraili. Received in
2005 the
American Civil Liberties Union's Roger N. Baldwin Medal of Liberty Award.
References
1. Reynolds, Terry. "The Education of Engineers in America Before the Morrill Act of 1862." History of Education Quarterly, Vol 32, No 4, Winter 1992.
2. Nat Frothingham, "Vermont College and Union: One Plus One Equals Three," The Montpelier Bridge, May 2001. http://www.mtbytes.com/mpbridge/article.cfm?articleid=264
External links
★
Norwich University website
★
The Norwich University Guidon
★
Mountain Cold Weather Company
★
Norwich University Online School of Graduate Studies
العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
Español
