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Below is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present.^[1]
The state of some countries changed from when a Nobel laureate lived in the country, became a laureate, and today. The flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following two situations: (1) the state of the country when the laureate emigrated or (2) the state of the country when he/she became a Nobel laureate. Some laureates obtained additional citizenships in their lifetime. For those with multiple citizenships, the year they obtained an additional citizenship, when known, precedes the country of citizenship. For laureates who obtained additional citizenships ''after'' winning the Nobel prize, the flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following two situations: (1) the state of the country at their death or (2) the current state of the country.

Year	Laureate, ''Country of Citizenship''	Reason
1901	Emil Adolf von Behring, ''	"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[2]
1902	Ronald Ross, ''	"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[3]
1903	Niels Ryberg Finsen, '' ''	"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[4]
1904	Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, ''	"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[5]
1905	Robert Koch, ''	"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[6]
1906	Camillo Golgi, ''; Santiago Ramón y Cajal, ''	"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[7]
1907	Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, ''	"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[8]
1908	Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, ''; Paul Ehrlich, ''	"in recognition of their work on immunity"[9]
1909	Emil Theodor Kocher, ''	"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[10]
1910	Albrecht Kossel, ''	"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[11]
1911	Allvar Gullstrand, ''	"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[12]
1912	Alexis Carrel, ''	"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[13]
1913	Charles Robert Richet, ''	"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"[14]
1914	Robert Bárány, ''	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[15]
1915	[No award]
1916	[No award]
1917	[No award]
1918	[No award]
1919	Jules Bordet, ''	"for his discoveries relating to immunity"[16]
1920	Schack August Steenberg Krogh, ''	"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion)[17]
1921	[No award]
1922 ★	Archibald Vivian Hill, ''	"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[18]
1922 ★	Otto Fritz Meyerhof, ''	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[18]
1923	Frederick Grant Banting, ''; John James Richard Macleod, '', ?''	"for the discovery of insulin"[20]
1924	Willem Einthoven, ''	"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[21]
1925	[No award]
1926	Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, ''	"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[22]
1927	Julius Wagner-Jauregg, ''	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[23]
1928	Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, ''	"for his work on typhus"[24]
1929 ★	Christiaan Eijkman, ''	"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[25]
1929 ★	Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, ''	"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[25]
1930	Karl Landsteiner, ''	"for his discovery of human blood groups"[27]
1931	Otto Heinrich Warburg, ''	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[28]
1932	Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, ''; Edgar Douglas Adrian, ''	"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[29]
1933	Thomas Hunt Morgan, ''	"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[30]
1934	George Hoyt Whipple, ''; George Richards Minot, ''; William Parry Murphy, ''	"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[31]
1935	Hans Spemann, ''	"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[32]
1936	Sir Henry Hallett Dale, ''; Otto Loewi, '', 1903: , 1946: ''	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[33]
1937	Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt, ''	"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[34]
1938	Corneille Jean François Heymans, ''	"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[35]
1939	Gerhard Domagk, ''	"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[36]
1940	[No award]
1941	[No award]
1942	[No award]
1943 ★	Carl Peter Henrik Dam, ''; Edward Adelbert Doisy, ''	"for his discovery of vitamin K"[37]
1943 ★	Edward Adelbert Doisy, ''	"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[37]
1944	Joseph Erlanger, ''; Herbert Spencer Gasser, ''	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[39]
1945	Sir Alexander Fleming, ''; Ernst Boris Chain, '', ''; Sir Howard Walter Florey, '', ''	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[40]
1946	Hermann Joseph Muller, ''	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[41]
1947 ★	Carl Ferdinand Cori, '', ''; Gerty Theresa Cori (née Radnitz), '', ''	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[42]
1947 ★	Bernardo Alberto Houssay, ''	"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[42]
1948	Paul Hermann Müller, ''	"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[44]
1949 ★	Walter Rudolf Hess, ''	"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[45]
1949 ★	Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, ''	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"[45]
1950	Edward Calvin Kendall, ''; Tadeus Reichstein, '', ''; Philip Showalter Hench, ''	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[47]
1951	Max Theiler, ''	"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[48]
1952	Selman Abraham Waksman, '', 1916: ''	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[49]
1953 ★	Hans Adolf Krebs, '', ''	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[50]
1953 ★	Fritz Albert Lipmann, '', ''	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[50]
1954	John Franklin Enders, ''; Thomas Huckle Weller, ''; Frederick Chapman Robbins, ''	"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[52]
1955	Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell, ''	"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[53]
1956	André Frédéric Cournand, '', 1941: ''; Werner Forssmann, ''; Dickinson W. Richards, ''	"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[54]
1957	Daniel Bovet, '', ''	"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[55]
1958 ★	George Wells Beadle, ''; Edward Lawrie Tatum, ''	"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[56]
1958 ★	Joshua Lederberg ''	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[56]
1959	Severo Ochoa, '', ''; Arthur Kornberg, ''	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[58]
1960	Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, '', ''; Peter Brian Medawar, '', ''	"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[59]
1961	Georg von Békésy, ''	"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[60]
1962	Francis Harry Compton Crick, ''; James Dewey Watson, '' Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, '', ''	"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[61]
1963	Sir John Carew Eccles, ''; Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, ''; Andrew Fielding Huxley, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[62]
1964	Konrad Bloch, '', ''; Feodor Lynen, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[63]
1965	François Jacob, ''; André Lwoff, ''; Jacques Monod, ''	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[64]
1966 ★	Peyton Rous, ''	"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[65]
1966 ★	Charles B. Huggins, '', ''	"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[65]
1967	Ragnar Granit, '', 1940: ''; Haldan Keffer Hartline, ''; George Wald, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[67]
1968	Robert W. Holley, ''; Har Gobind Khorana, '', 1966: ''; Marshall W. Nirenberg, ''	"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[68]
1969	Max Delbrück, '', ''; Alfred Hershey, ''; Salvador E. Luria, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[69]
1970	Sir Bernard Katz, '', 1941: ''; Ulf von Euler, ''; Julius Axelrod, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[70]
1971	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., ''	"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[71]
1972	Gerald M. Edelman, ''; Rodney R. Porter, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[72]
1973	Karl von Frisch, ''; Konrad Lorenz, ''; Nikolaas Tinbergen, ''	"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[73]
1974	Albert Claude, ''; Christian de Duve, ''; George E. Palade, '', 1952: ''	"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[74]
1975	David Baltimore, ''; Renato Dulbecco, '', ''; Howard Martin Temin, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[75]
1976	Baruch S. Blumberg, ''; D. Carleton Gajdusek, ''	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[76]
1977 ★	Roger Guillemin, '', 1965: ''; Andrew Wiktor Schally, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[77]
1977 ★	Rosalyn Yalow, ''	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[77]
1978	Werner Arber, ''; Daniel Nathans, ''; Hamilton O. Smith, ''	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[79]
1979	Allan M. Cormack, '', 1966: ''; Godfrey N. Hounsfield, ''	"for the development of computer assisted tomography"[80]
1980	Baruj Benacerraf, '', 1943: ''; Jean Dausset, ''; George D. Snell, ''	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[81]
1981 ★	Roger W. Sperry, ''	"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[82]
1981 ★	David H. Hubel, ''; Torsten N. Wiesel, ''	"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[82]
1982	Sune Bergström, ''; Bengt I. Samuelsson, ''; John R. Vane, ''	"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[84]
1983	Barbara McClintock, ''	"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[85]
1984	Niels K. Jerne, ''; Georges J.F. Köhler, ''; César Milstein, '', ''	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[86]
1985	Michael S. Brown, ''; Joseph L. Goldstein, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[87]
1986	Stanley Cohen, ''; Rita Levi-Montalcini, '', ''	"for their discoveries of growth factors"[88]
1987	Susumu Tonegawa, ''	"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[89]
1988	Sir James W. Black, ''; Gertrude B. Elion, ''; George H. Hitchings, ''	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[90]
1989	J. Michael Bishop, ''; Harold E. Varmus, ''	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[91]
1990	Joseph E. Murray, ''; E. Donnall Thomas, ''	"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[92]
1991	Erwin Neher, ''; Bert Sakmann, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[93]
1992	Edmond H. Fischer, '', ''; Edwin G. Krebs, ''	"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[94]
1993	Richard J. Roberts, ''; Phillip A. Sharp, ''	"for their discoveries of split genes"[95]
1994	Alfred G. Gilman, ''; Martin Rodbell, ''	"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[96]
1995	Edward B. Lewis, ''; Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, ''; Eric F. Wieschaus, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[97]
1996	Peter C. Doherty, ''; Rolf M. Zinkernagel, ''	"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[98]
1997	Stanley B. Prusiner, ''	"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[99]
1998	Robert F. Furchgott, ''; Louis J. Ignarro, ''; Ferid Murad, ''	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[100]
1999	Günter Blobel, '', 1987: ''	"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[101]
2000	Arvid Carlsson, ''; Paul Greengard, ''; Eric R. Kandel, ''	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[102]
2001	Leland H. Hartwell, ''; R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt, ''; Sir Paul M. Nurse, ''	"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[103]
2002	Sydney Brenner, '', '', 2003: [104] (honorary); H. Robert Horvitz, ''; John E. Sulston, ''	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[105]
2003	Paul Lauterbur, ''; Sir Peter Mansfield, ''	"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[106]
2004	Richard Axel, ''; Linda B. Buck, ''	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[107]
2005	Barry J. Marshall, ''; J. Robin Warren, ''	"for their discovery of the bacterium ''Helicobacter pylori'' and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[108]
2006	Andrew Z. Fire, ''; Craig C. Mello, ''	"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[109]

★ Years with multiple reasons for a Nobel prize.

Contents

References

External links

References

1.
All Nobel Laureates in Medicine
2. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901
3. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902
4. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903
5. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904
6. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905
7. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906
8. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907
9. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908
10. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909
11. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910
12. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911
13. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912
14. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913
15. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914
16. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919
17. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920
18. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922
19. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922
20. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923
21. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924
22. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926
23. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927
24. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928
25. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929
26. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929
27. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930
28. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931
29. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932
30. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933
31. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934
32. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935
33. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936
34. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937
35. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938
36. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939
37. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943
38. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943
39. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944
40. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945
41. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946
42. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947
43. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947
44. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948
45. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949
46. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949
47. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950
48. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951
49. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952
50. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953
51. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953
52. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954
53. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955
54. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956
55. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957
56. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958
57. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958
58. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959
59. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960
60. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961
61. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962
62. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963
63. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964
64. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965
65. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966
66. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966
67. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967
68. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968
69. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969
70. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970
71. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971
72. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972
73. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973
74. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974
75. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975
76. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976
77. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977
78. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977
79. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978
80. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979
81. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980
82. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981
83. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981
84. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982
85. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983
86. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984
87. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985
88. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986
89. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987
90. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988
91. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989
92. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990
93. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991
94. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992
95. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993
96. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994
97. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995
98. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996
99. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997
100. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998
101. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999
102. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000
103. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001
104. Sydney Brenner, PhD: Biography
105. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002
106. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003
107. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004
108. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005
109. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006

External links

★ Official Nobel Prize Site

★ Nobel Prize Winners in Physiology or Medicine