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The 'New Union Treaty' () was a draft treaty that would have replaced the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and thus would have replaced the Soviet Union by a new entity named the 'Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics', an attempt of Mikhail Gorbachev to salvage the Soviet state. A ceremony of the Russian SFSR signing the treaty was scheduled for 20 August, 1991, but was prevented by the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 a day earlier. The preparation of this treaty was known as the 'Novo-Ogarevo process' (новоогаревский процесс), named after Novo-Ogaryovo, a governmental estate where the work on the document was carried out and where Gorbachev talked with leaders of Union republics.
A less centralized federal system as a solution to the Soviet Union's increasing ethnic problems was proposed by President Gorbachev during the Communist Party Congress of July 1990. A draft of the New Union Treaty was submitted to the Supreme Soviet on November 23, 1990. A drafting committee started work on the text on January 1, 1991. Six of the fifteen Soviet republics, however, did not participate in drafting of the treaty: Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Georgian SSR and Armenian SSR. The proposal was approved by the Soviet of the Union on March 6 and sent to the Supreme Soviets of the republics for approval. Agreement could not be reached on the distribution of power between the Union and the Republics and the proposal was not approved. As an additional restrictive element, some autonomous republics expressed the desire to raise their status and to be a party to the new Soviet treaty.
President Gorbachev tried to gain popular support for the proposal. On March 17, 1991 a popular referendum was held in the nine republics (Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Uzbek SSR, Kyrgyz SSR, Turkmen SSR, and Tajik SSR) which participated in the drafting of the treaty. In the referendum 76% of voters supported maintaining the federal system of the Soviet Union, including a majority in all of the nine republics. Opposition was greatest in large cities like Leningrad and Moscow. The referendum was mostly boycotted in the other six republics already moving towards independence.
An agreement between the Soviet central government and the nine republics, the so-called "9+1" agreement was finally signed in Novo-Ogaryovo on April 23. The New Union Treaty would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy, and military.
By August, eight of the nine republics, except Ukraine, approved the draft of the new Treaty with some conditions. Ukraine did not agree on the terms of the Treaty. In the republican referendum on March 17, the majority of residents of Ukraine supported joining the Union on the terms of Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine.
Though the treaty was intended to save the union, hardliners feared that it would encourage some of the smaller republics to follow the lead of Lithuania and press for full independence.
Originally, the new Soviet state was to be named the ''Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics'', which would have conserved the Russian "CCCP" acronym, as well as the "USSR" in English. In the final drafts of the union treaty the new union was to be named as the ''Union of Sovereign States'' (). After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December, the leaders of republics organized the Commonwealth of Independent States, an alliance of 12 newly independent states (initially all ex-Soviet republics except Baltic republics and Georgia; Georgia joined in 1993).

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References

★ The USSR in 1991: The Implosion of a Superpower by Dr. Robert F. Miller, RSSS, ANU.

★ 1991 Diplomatic Bluebook, Section 4. The Soviet Union by the Japanese Foreign Ministry.