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'New England'

Political history
'Chartering as Plymouth Council for New England'	1620
'Formation as United Colonies of New England'	1643
'Formation as Dominion of New England'	1686
'Admission to U.S.'  - Connecticut  - Maine  - Massachusetts  - New Hampshire  - Rhode Island  - Vermont	- January 9, 1788 (5th)  - separated from Mass. March 15, 1820 (23rd)  - February 6, 1788 (6th)  - June 21, 1788 (9th)  - May 29, 1790 (13th)  - March 4, 1791 (14th)
Regional statistics
'Largest city'	Boston
'U.S. States'	Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont
'Area'  - Total	71,991.8 mi² (186,458.8 km²)
'Population'  - Total (2006)  - Density	14,269,989[1] 87.7 people/km²

'New England' is a region of the United States located in the northeastern corner of the country, consisting of the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.^[2]
One of the earliest English settlements in the New World, English Pilgrims fleeing religious persecution in Europe first settled the land in 1620. In the late 18th century, the New England colonies would become the first of the North American British colonies to demonstrate ambitions of independence from the British Crown, although the region, as a whole, would later oppose the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain.
In the 19th century, it played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States, hosted the first pieces of American literature and philosophy, was home to the beginnings of free public education, and was the first region of the United States to be transformed by the North American Industrial Revolution.^[3]
Today, New England maintains a role of historical, cultural, and political importance in the United States. It is known for a unique mixture of old Protestant individualism and European liberalism.

Contents

History

The Virginia Companies compete

Plymouth Council for New England

New England Confederation

Dominion of New England

Region of the United States

Geography and climate

Population

Southern New England

Coastal New England

Urban New England

Economy

Politics

Town meetings

New England and political thought

Contemporary politics

Elections of 2006

Presidential elections, 2000, 2004

Notable laws

Education

Colleges and universities

Private and independent secondary schools

Public education

Academic journals and press

Culture

Cultural roots

Accents

Social activities and music

Media

Literature

Sports

Professional and semi-professional sports teams in New England

Notable places

Historic

Recreational

See also

Notes

References

External links

History

Main articles: History of New England


New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian-speaking native peoples, including the Abenaki, the Penobscot, and the Wampanoag. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire and Vermont, as well as parts of Québec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock, in present-day Maine. The Penobscot were settled along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.
Compared to other North American settlements, New England was sparsely populated and densely forested, leading European settlers to believe North America was a "virgin land."^[5]

The Virginia Companies compete

On April 10 1606, King James I of Britain chartered the two Virginia Companies, of London and Plymouth, respectively. These were privately-funded proprietary ventures, and the purpose of each was to claim land for England, trade, and return a profit.^[6] Competition between the two companies grew to where their potential New World territory overlapped, and would be finalized based upon results.
The Virginia Company of London successfully established the Jamestown Settlement in May, 1607. After a tenuous start, several strains of tobacco were developed as a profitable export by colonist John Rolfe.
Contemporaneously, the Popham Colony was planted by the Virginia Company of Plymouth. Unlike the Jamestown Settlement, it was not initially successful, and was abandoned after one year, though would later be revived. The Virginia Company of Plymouth's charter included land extending as far as present-day northern Maine.^[7] Captain John Smith, exploring the shores of the region in 1614, named the region "New England"^[8] in his account of two voyages there, published as ''A Description of New England''.

Plymouth Council for New England

The name "New England" was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620, when the charter of the Virginia Company of Plymouth was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England, a joint stock company established to colonize and govern the region.^[9] Shortly afterwards, in December 1620, a permanent settlement was established at present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts by the Pilgrims, English religious separatists arriving via Holland. The Massachusetts Bay Colony, which would come to dominate the area, was established in 1628 with its major city of Boston established in 1630.
Banished from Massachusetts, Roger Williams led a group south, and founded Providence, Rhode Island in 1636. On March 3 of the same year, the Connecticut Colony was granted a charter, and established its own government. At this time, Vermont was yet unsettled, and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were governed by Massachusetts.

New England Confederation

In these early years, relationships between colonists and Native Americans alternated between peace and armed skirmishes. Six years after the bloodiest of these, the Pequot War, in 1643 the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut joined together in a loose compact called the New England Confederation (officially "The United Colonies of New England"). The confederation was designed largely to coordinate mutual defense against possible wars with Native Americans, the Dutch in the New Netherland colony to the west, the Spanish in the south, and the French in New France to the north, as well as to assist in the return of runaway slaves. The confederation lost its influence when Massachusetts refused to commit itself to a war against the Dutch.
The first coins struck in the Colonies, prompted by a shortage of change, were the New England coins produced by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The first series was a simple design including "NE" on the obverse and the various denominations on the reverse. Other series included the "Willow," "Oak," and "Pine Tree." The "Pine Tree" coinage was the last type in the series, struck by coiner John Hull. Although the majority were dated 1652, it is generally acknowledged that production spanned about thirty years, despite the disapproval of King Charles II.^[10]

Dominion of New England

Main articles: Dominion of New England


In 1686, King James II, concerned about the increasingly independent ways of the colonies, including their self-governing charters, open flouting of the Navigation Acts, and increasing military power, established the Dominion of New England, an administrative union comprising all of the New England colonies. Two years later, the provinces of New York (New Amsterdam) and New Jersey, seized from the Dutch, were added. The union, imposed from the outside and contrary to the rooted democratic tradition of the region, was highly unpopular among the colonists.
After the Glorious Revolution in 1689, the charters of most of the colonies were significantly modified, with the appointment of Royal Governors to nearly every colony. An uneasy tension existed between the Royal Governors, their officers, and the elected governing bodies of the colonies. The governors wanted unlimited authority, and the different layers of locally-elected officials would often resist them. In most cases, the local town governments continued operating as self-governing bodies, just as they had before the appointment of the Royal Governors. This tension culminated itself in the American Revolution, boiling over with the breakout of the American War of Independence in 1776.

Region of the United States

The colonies were now formally united as newly-formed states in a larger (but not yet federalist) union called the United States of America.
In the 18th century and the early 19th century, New England was still considered to be a very distinct region of the colony and country, as it is today. During the War of 1812, there was a limited amount of talk of secession from the Union, as New England merchants, just getting back on their feet, opposed the war with their greatest trading partner - Great Britain.^[11]
Aside from the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, or "New Scotland," New England is the only North American region to inherit the name of a kingdom in the British Isles. New England has largely preserved its regional character, especially in its historic places. Its name is a reminder of the past, as many of the original English-Americans have migrated further west. Today, the region is more ethnically diverse, having seen waves of immigration from Ireland, Québec, Italy, Portugal, Asia, Latin America, Africa, other parts of the United States, and elsewhere. The enduring European influence can be seen in the region, from Massachusetts' use of traffic rotaries to the bilingual French and English towns of northern Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire, as innocuous as the sprinkled use of British spelling, and as obvious as the region's heavy prevalence of English town and county names, and its unique, often non-rhotic dialect reminiscent of southeastern England.

Geography and climate

New England's long rolling hills, mountains, and jagged coastline are a consequence of retreating ice sheets thousands of years ago. The coast of the region, extending from southwestern Connecticut to northeastern Maine, is dotted with lakes, hills, swamps, and sandy beaches. Further inland are the Appalachian Mountains, extending through Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Among them, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire is Mount Washington, which at 1,917 m (6,288 ft), is the highest peak in the northeast United States. It is also the site of the highest recorded wind speed on Earth.^[12] Vermont's Green Mountains, which become the Berkshire Hills in western Massachusetts, are smaller than the White Mountains. Valleys in the region include the Connecticut River Valley and the Merrimack Valley.
The longest river is the Connecticut River, which flows from northeastern New Hampshire for 655 km (407 mi), emptying into the Long Island Sound. Lake Champlain, wedged between Vermont and New York, is the largest lake in the region, followed by Moosehead Lake (Maine), Lake Winnipesaukee (New Hampshire), Quabbin Reservoir (Massachusetts), and Candlewood Lake (Connecticut).
Weather patterns are highly variable and climate varies throughout the region. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont have a humid continental short summer climate, with cooler summers and long, cold winters. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, have a humid continental long summer climate, with hot summers and cold winters. Owing to thick deciduous forests, fall in New England brings bright and colorful foliage, which comes earlier than in other regions, even attracting tourism.^[13] Springs are generally wet and cloudy. Average rainfall generally ranges from from 1,000 to 1,500 mm (40 to 60 in) a year, although the northern parts of Vermont and Maine see slightly less, from 500 to 1,000 mm (20 to 40 in). Snowfall can often exceed 2,500 mm (100 in) annually. As a result, the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire are popular destinations in the winter, with numerous commercial ski resorts.^[3][15]

Population

As of 2000, the total population of New England was 13,922,517, roughly twice its 1910 population of 6,552,681.^[16] If New England were one state, its population would rank 5th in the nation, behind Florida. The total area, at 70,054.3756 sq mi (181,440 km²), would rank 20th, behind North Dakota.

Southern New England

Three quarters of New England's population and most of its major cities are concentrated in its three southernmost states, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Their combined population density is over 600/sq mi. The most populous state is Massachusetts, and the most populous city is Massachusetts' political and cultural capital, Boston. Western Massachusetts and Northwestern Connecticut are less densely populated than the rest of Southern New England.

Coastal New England

The coastline is more urban than western New England, which is typically rural, even in urban states like Massachusetts. This characteristic of the region's population is due mainly to historical factors; the original colonists settled mostly on the coastline of Massachusetts Bay. The only New England state without access to the Atlantic Ocean, Vermont, is also the least populated. After nearly 400 years, the region still maintains, for the most part, its historical population layout.
New England's coast is dotted with urban centers, such as Portland, Portsmouth, Boston, New Bedford, Fall River, Newport, Providence, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford as well as smaller cities, like Newburyport, Gloucester, Biddeford, Bath, Rockland, and New London.

Urban New England

Southern New England forms an integral part of the BosWash megalopolis, a conglomeration of urban centers that spans from Boston to Washington, D.C.. The region includes three of the four most densely populated states in the United States; only New Jersey has a higher population density than the states of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut.

The Boston metropolitan area, which includes parts of southern New Hampshire, has a total population of approximately 4.4 million.^[17] The largest cities by population in New England for 2000 data (2006 estimates in parenthesis)^[18] are:
#Boston, Massachusetts: 589,141^[19] (590,763)
#Providence, Rhode Island: 173,618 (175,255)
#Worcester, Massachusetts: 172,648 (175,454)
#Springfield, Massachusetts: 152,082 (151,176)
#Bridgeport, Connecticut: 139,529 (137,912)
#Hartford, Connecticut: 124,558 (124,512)
#New Haven, Connecticut: 123,626 (124,001)
#Stamford, Connecticut: 117,083 (119,261)
#Waterbury, Connecticut: 107,271 (107,251)
#Manchester, New Hampshire: 107,006 (109,497)
#Lowell, Massachusetts: 105,167 (103,229)
#Cambridge, Massachusetts: 101,355 (101,365)
During the 20th century, urban expansion in regions surrounding New York City has become an important economic influence on neighboring Connecticut, parts of which belong to the New York Metropolitan Area. The US Census Bureau groups Fairfield, New Haven and Litchfield counties in western Connecticut together with New York City, and other parts of New York and New Jersey as a combined statistical area.^[20]

Economy

Several factors contribute to the uniquenesses of the New England economy. The region is geographically isolated from the rest of the United States, and is relatively small. It has a climate and a supply of natural resources such as granite, lobster, and codfish, that are different from many other parts of the country. Its population is concentrated on the coast and in its southern states, and its residents have a strong regional identity. America's textile industry began along the Blackstone River with the Slater Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island^[21], and was duplicated at similar sources of water power such as Woonsocket, Rhode Island, Lawrence, Massachusetts, but most of it has long since departed due to high operating costs in the region. Exports consist mostly of industrial products, including specialized machines and weaponry, built by the region's educated workforce. About half of the region's exports consist of industrial and commercial machinery, such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment. This, when combined with instruments, chemicals, and transportation equipment, makes up about three-quarters of the region's exports. Granite is quarried at Barre, Vermont, guns made at Springfield, Massachusetts, boats at Groton, Connecticut and Bath, Maine, and hand tools at Turners Falls, Massachusetts. Insurance is a driving force in and around Hartford, Connecticut.

New England also exports food products, ranging from fish to lobster, cranberries, Maine potatoes, and maple syrup. The service industry is also highly important, including tourism, education, financial and insurance services, plus architectural, building, and construction services. The U.S. Department of Commerce has called the New England economy a microcosm for the entire United States economy.^[22]
As of May 2006, the unemployment rate in New England was 4.5%, below the national average. Vermont, with the lowest of the six states, had a rate of 3%. The highest was Rhode Island, with 5.5%. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with the lowest rate, 2.5%, was Burlington-South Burlington, in Vermont; the MSA with the highest rate, 7.9%, was Lawrence-Methuen-Salem, in Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire.^[23]
New England is home to two of the ten poorest cities (by percentage living below the poverty line) in the United States: the state capital cities of Providence, Rhode Island and Hartford, Connecticut.^[16]. These cities, and others in the region, because of their age have struggled with economic transition as American manufacturing, their traditional economic mainstays, declined.^[25]
With its rocky soil and climate, New England is not a strong agricultural region. Some New England states, however, are ranked highly among U.S. states for particular areas of production. Maine is ranked ninth for aquaculture,^[26] Vermont fifteenth for dairy products,^[27] and Connecticut and Massachusetts seventh and eleventh for tobacco, respectively.^[27][27] Cranberries are grown in the Cape Cod - Plymouth area, and blueberries in Maine.
As of 2005, the inflation-adjusted combined GSPs of the six states of New England was $623.1 billion, with Massachusetts contributing the most, and Vermont the least.^[30]

Politics

The early European settlers of New England were English Protestants fleeing religious persecution. This, however, did not prevent them from establishing colonies where religion was legislated to an extreme, and where those who deviated from the established doctrine were persecuted greatly. The early history of much of New England is marked by religious intolerance and harsh laws. In the beginning, there was no separation of church and state in these places, and the activities of the individual were severely restricted.^[31] This contrasts sharply with the strong separation of church and state upon which Rhode Island was founded. Providence had no public burial ground and no Common until the year 1700 (64 years after its founding) because religious and government institutions were so rigorously kept distinct.^[32]

Town meetings

Main articles: Town meeting

A derivative of meetings held by church elders, town meetings were and are an integral part of governance of many New England towns. At such meetings, any citizen of the town may discuss issues with other members of the community and vote on them. This is the strongest example of direct democracy in the United States today, and the form of dialogue has been adopted under certain circumstances elsewhere, most strongly in the states closest to the region, such as New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Such a strong democratic tradition was even apparent in the early 19th century, when Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in ''Democracy in America'' that in
:''New England, where education and liberty are the daughters of morality and religion, where society has acquired age and stability enough to enable it to form principles and hold fixed habits, the common people are accustomed to respect intellectual and moral superiority and to submit to it without complaint, although they set at naught all those privileges which wealth and birth have introduced among mankind. In New England, consequently, the democracy makes a more judicious choice than it does elsewhere.''
James Madison, a critic of town meetings, however, wrote in ''Federalist No. 55'' that, regardless of the assembly, "passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason. Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob."^[33] Today, the use and effectiveness of town meetings, as well as the possible application of the format to other regions and countries, is still discussed by scholars.^[34]

New England and political thought

During the colonial period and the early years of the American republic, New England leaders like John Hancock, John Adams, and Samuel Adams joined those in Philadelphia and Virginia to assist and lead the newly-forming country. Daniel Webster was influential in expressing the political views of many New-Englanders in the early 19th century. At the time of the American Civil War, New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the Midwest, which had long since abolished slavery, united against the Confederate States of America, ending the practice in the United States. Henry David Thoreau, iconic New England writer and philosopher, made the case for civil disobedience and individualism, and has been adopted by the anarchist tradition. Benjamin Tucker, of Massachusetts, was a proponent of individualist anarchism. A modern example of this individualist spirit is the Free State Project in New Hampshire, and The Second Vermont Republic in Vermont.
While modern New England is known for its liberal tendencies, Puritan New England was highly intolerant of any deviation from strict social norms. During the 1960s civil rights era, Boston brewed with racial tension over school busing to end ''de facto'' segregation of its public schools.^[35]
Eight presidents of the United States have been born in New England, however only five are usually affiliated with the area. They are, in chronological order: John Adams (Massachusetts), John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts), Franklin Pierce (New Hampshire), Chester A. Arthur (born in Vermont, affiliated with New York), Calvin Coolidge (born in Vermont, affiliated with Massachusetts), John F. Kennedy (Massachusetts), George H. W. Bush (born in Massachusetts, affiliated with Texas) and George W. Bush (born in Connecticut, affiliated with Texas).

Contemporary politics

Elections of 2006

The dominant party in New England is the Democratic Party. In the U.S. general elections of 2006, which determined the composition of the 110th Congress, Democrats made a number of gains in the region. The twelve U.S. Senators from New England includes six Democrats, two elected independents that caucus with the Democrats, and four Republicans. Of the twenty-two congressmen elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, there is only one Republican, Christopher Shays of Connecticut.^[36] In every New England state, both legislative houses have a majority of Democratic representatives. Democrats hold half of New England's governor's positions: Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. While the governors of Connecticut, Vermont and Rhode Island are Republicans, the legislatures have veto-overriding Democratic super-majorities in both states (as well as Massachusetts). The Republican state parties in Rhode Island, Connecticut and Massachusetts are weak.^[37][38][39]
In 2006, Massachusetts elected Deval Patrick; the first Democratic governor elected since Michael Dukakis's 1986 election to a third term. Patrick is the second black elected governor in the United States. Democrats have the majority of the New Hampshire General Court and Executive Council for the first time since the 1875. New Hampshire, prior to the 2006 election, had the only Republican-controlled legislature in New England. In Rhode Island, the Republican Senator Lincoln Chafee was narrowly defeated. Four Republican members of the House of Representatives in New England were defeated; Charlie Bass and Jeb Bradley in New Hampshire and Nancy Johnson and Rob Simmons in Connecticut. Simmons lost his seat to Democrat Joe Courtney by a mere 83 votes.^[40]

Presidential elections, 2000, 2004

In the 2000 presidential election, Democratic candidate Al Gore carried all of the New England states except for New Hampshire, and in 2004, John Kerry, a New Englander himself, won all six New England states.^[41] In both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections, every congressional district with the exception of New Hampshire's 1st district were won by Gore and Kerry respectively.

Notable laws

New England abolished the death penalty for crimes like robbery and burglary in the 19th century, before much of the rest of the United States did. New Hampshire and Connecticut are the only New England states that allow capital punishment,^[42] although New Hampshire currently has no death row inmates and has not held an execution since 1939. Connecticut held an execution in 2005, the first in New England since 1960, when Connecticut last executed a prisoner.^[43]
Vermont was the first state to allow civil unions between same sex couples, and Massachusetts was the first state to allow same-sex marriage. In 2005, Connecticut also began to allow civil unions. In 2008, some form of same-sex unions will be in all New England states except Rhode Island, though the state does recognize Massachusetts marriages for its residents.^[44]
In 2006, Massachusetts adopted a health care reform that requires nearly all state residents obtain health insurance.^[45]

Education

Colleges and universities

New England contains some of the oldest and most renowned institutions of higher learning in the United States. The first such institution, subsequently named Harvard College, was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, to train preachers, in 1636. Yale University was founded in New Haven, Connecticut in 1701, and awarded the nation's first graduate (Ph.D.) degree in 1861. Brown University, the first college in the nation to accept students of all religious affiliations and third-oldest institution of higher learning, was founded in Providence, Rhode Island in 1764. Dartmouth College was founded five years later in Hanover, New Hampshire with the mission educating the local American Indian population as well as English youth.
In addition to four out of eight Ivy League schools, New England also contains the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), four of the of the original seven sisters are in New England, the bulk of institutions identified as the Little Ivies, and is the home to the Five Colleges consortium in western Massachusetts. New England is home to numerous graduate schools, professional schools, law schools and several prominent medical schools.
:''See also:'' the lists of colleges for each state:
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

Private and independent secondary schools

At the pre-college level, New England is home to a number of prominent American independent schools (also known as private schools), such as Buckingham Browne & Nichols, Deerfield Academy, The Governor's Academy, Phillips Academy, Noble and Greenough School, Milton Academy, Groton Academy, and MacDuffie School in Massachusetts; St. Paul's School, Kimball Union Academy, Holderness School, and Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire; Choate Rosemary Hall, Hotchkiss School, Cheshire Academy, Suffield Academy, Hopkins Grammar School, Avon Old Farms, Woodstock Academy, Pomfret School, Brunswick School, Greenwich Academy, Miss Porter's, Ethel Walker School, Westminster School and Loomis Chaffee in Connecticut; and the schools of the Independent School League. The concept of the elite "New England prep school" and the "preppy" lifestyle is an iconic part of the region's image.

Public education

New England states fund their public schools well, with expenditures per student, and teacher salaries above the national median. As of 2005, the National Education Association ranked Connecticut with the highest-paid teachers in the country. Massachusetts and Rhode Island ranked eighth and ninth, respectively. Every state but New Hampshire is in the top ten for educational spending per student.^[46] Boston Latin School is the oldest public high school in America. Several signers of the Declaration of Independence attended Boston Latin.
^[47]

Academic journals and press

New England is home to several prominent academic journals and publishing companies, including ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', Harvard University Press, and Yale University Press. Also, many of its institutions lead the open access alternative to conventional academic publication, including MIT, the University of Connecticut, and the University of Maine. The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston publishes the ''New England Economic Review''.^[48]

Culture

New England has a history of shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by waves of immigration from Europe. A cultural divide, however, also exists between urban New Englanders living along the densely-populated coastline and rural New Englanders in western Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, where population density is low.^[49]
Connecticut has two cultural and demographic trends: the southwestern part of the state is largely suburban, alongside the cities Bridgeport, New Haven, Waterbury, Stamford, and Danbury, and as part of the New York metropolitan area, is influenced by New York City. The remainder of the state, is culturally similar to neighboring Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Residents of this area are often referred to as "Swamp Yankees."^[50] An example of Connecticuts's cultural dichotomy can be found in residents' allegiance to sports teams. Western Connecticut residents tend to support New York teams, unlike the rest of the state who tend to be loyal to Boston teams.^[51] Television broadcasts in Hartford and New Haven typically give equal coverage to sports teams from both Boston and New York.

Cultural roots

The first European colonists of New England were focused on maritime affairs such as whaling and fishing, rather than more continental inclinations such as surplus farming. One of the older American regions, New England has developed a distinct cuisine, dialect, architecture, and government. New England cuisine is known for its emphasis on seafood and dairy; clam chowder, lobster, and other products of the sea are among some of the region's most popular foods, such as New Haven's famous white clam pizza.

Accents

The often-parodied Boston accent (see Mayor Quimby of ''The Simpsons'') is native to the region. Many of its most stereotypical features (such as r-dropping and the so-called broad A) originated from the accents of the Puritans who came mainly from England. While at one point many members of the so-called "Eastern Establishment" spoke with an accent similar to today's Boston accent (e.g., Franklin Roosevelt, Katharine Hepburn and Boston's upper class), today the accent is predominantly associated with blue-collar natives as exemplified by movies like Good Will Hunting. The Boston accent and accents closely related to it cover eastern Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, though there is of course significant dialect variation within this area.
Also found in New England is the distinctively conservative dialect of Rhode Island (parodied by Peter Griffin and Lois Griffin of ''Family Guy''). The accent family of western New England (most of Connecticut, western Massachusetts, and Vermont) differs sharply from the Boston accent to its east and the New York accent to its southwest, but is thought to be closely related to the so-called Inland North accent of the Great Lakes region due west of it, to which western New England contributed many early settlers.

Social activities and music

Bars and pubs, especially those with Irish themes, are popular social venues. Closer to Boston, musicians from Ireland often tour pubs, playing traditional Irish folk music, usually with a singer, a fiddler, and a guitarist. This area also has thriving hardcore, punk, and indie rock music scenes. Surf rock was pioneered by Dick Dale of Quincy, Massachusetts, and the Pixies, of Boston, influenced the grunge movement of the 1990s. Dropkick Murphys, from Quincy, Massachusetts, mix hardcore and punk music with Irish music in a style known as Celtic Punk. Also, both Boston and New Haven have had a big influence on ska musicians from the Northeast.
In much of rural New England, particularly Maine, Acadian and Quebecois culture also dominate the region's music and dance. Contra dancing and country square dancing are popular throughout New England, usually backed by live Irish, Acadian, or other folk music.
Traditional knitting, quilting and rug hooking circles in rural New England have become less common; church, sports, and town government are more typical social activities.
In the United States, Candlepin bowling is essentially confined to New England, an activity invented there in the 19th century.^[52]

Media

New England has several regional broadcasting companies, including New England Cable News (NECN) and the New England Sports Network (NESN) as well as the national cable sports broadcaster Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) in Bristol, Connecticut. The former is the largest regional news network in the United States, broadcasting to more than 3.2 million homes in all of the New England states. Its studios are located in Newton, Massachusetts, outside of Boston, although it maintains bureaus in Manchester, New Hampshire; Hartford, Connecticut; Worcester, Massachusetts; Portland, Maine; and Burlington, Vermont.^[53]
The New England Sports Network covers New England sports teams throughout the region, save for Fairfield County, Connecticut.^[54]
While most New England cities have daily newspapers, the ''Boston Globe'' and ''New York Times'' are distributed widely throughout the region.

Literature

New England has been the birthplace of many American authors and poets. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born near Boston. Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts, where he famously lived, for some time, by Walden Pond, on Emerson's land. Nathaniel Hawthorne, romantic era writer, was born in historical Salem; later, he would live in Concord at the same time as Emerson and Thoreau. Emily Dickinson lived most of her life in Amherst, Massachusetts. Henry W. Longfellow was from Portland, Maine. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston. Robert Lowell, Confessionalist poet and teacher of Sylvia Plath, was also a New England native. Plath hailed from Boston. Anne Sexton, also taught by Lowell, was born and died in Massachusetts. Current U.S. Poet Laureate Donald Hall, a New Hampshire resident, continues the line of renowned New England poets. Noah Webster, the Father of American Scholarship and Education, was born in West Hartford, Connecticut.
''Ethan Frome'', written in 1911 by Edith Wharton, is set in turn-of-the-century New England, in the fictitious town of Starkfield, Massachusetts. Like much literature of the region, it plays off themes of isolation and hopelessness. New England is also the setting for most of the gothic horror stories of H.P. Lovecraft, who lived his life in Providence, Rhode Island. Real New England towns such as Ipswich, Newburyport, Rowley, and Marblehead are given fictional names such as Dunwich, Arkham, Innsmouth, Kingsport, and Miskatonic and then featured quite often in his stories. Lovecraft had an immense appreciation for the New England area, and when he had to re-locate to New York City, he longed to return to his beloved native land.
The region has also drawn the attention of authors and poets from other parts of the United States. Mark Twain found Hartford to be the most beautiful city in the United States and made it his home, and wrote his masterpieces there. He lived directly next door to Harriett Beecher Stowe, a local whose most famous work is Uncle Tom's Cabin. John Updike, originally from Pennsylvania, eventually moved to Ipswich, Massachusetts, which served as the model for the fictional New England town of Tarbox in his 1968 novel ''Couples''. Robert Frost was born in California, but moved to Massachusetts during his teen years and published his first poem in Lawrence; his frequent use of New England settings and themes insured that he would be associated with the region. Arthur Miller, a New York City native, used New England as the setting for some of his works, most notably ''The Crucible''.
More recently, Stephen King, born in Portland, Maine, has used the small towns of his home state as the setting for much of his horror fiction, with several of his stories taking place in or near the fictional town of Castle Rock. Just to the south, Exeter, New Hampshire was the birthplace of best-selling novelist John Irving and Dan Brown, author of ''The Da Vinci Code''. Rick Moody has set many of his works in southern New England, focusing on wealthy families of suburban Connecticut's Gold Coast and their battles with addiction and anomie.
Largely on the strength of its local writers, Boston was for some years the center of the U.S. publishing industry, before being overtaken by New York in the middle of the nineteenth century. Boston remains the home of publishers Houghton Mifflin and Pearson Education, and was the longtime home of literary magazine ''The Atlantic Monthly''. Merriam-Webster is based in Springfield, Massachusetts. ''Yankee'', a magazine for New Englanders, is based in Dublin, New Hampshire.

Sports

Main articles: Sports in New England

Two popular American sports were invented in New England. Basketball was invented by James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891.^[55] Volleyball was invented by William G. Morgan in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1895.^[56] The earliest known written reference to the sport of baseball is a 1791 Pittsfield, Massachusetts by-law banning the playing of the game within 80 yards of the town's new meeting house.^[57]

Professional and semi-professional sports teams in New England

'List of Professional Sports Teams in New England'
''''

In the southwestern part of the state, many Connecticut residents support the New York Yankees and other New York pro teams while most of the other parts of New England support Boston Area teams. Hartford had a professional NHL hockey team from 1972 through 1997- the Hartford Whalers. The owner moved the team to North Carolina (changing the name to the Carolina Hurricanes) for financial reasons.
The region also has a rich heritage in high school and college athletics. Thanksgiving day high school football rivalries date back to the 19th century, and the Harvard-Yale rivalry ("The Game") is the oldest in college football. The Boston Marathon, run on Patriot's Day every year, is a New England cultural institution and the oldest annual marathon in the world. While the race offers far less prize money than many other marathons, and the infamous Newton hills have helped insure that no world record has been set on the course since 1947, the race's difficulty and long history make it one of the world's most prestigious marathons. ^[58]

Notable places

Historic

New England features many of the oldest cities and towns in the country. The following places are replete with historic buildings, parks, and streetscapes:

★ New Haven, Connecticut

★ Hartford, Connecticut

★ New London, Connecticut and nearby Mystic Seaport

★ Newport, Rhode Island

★ Providence, Rhode Island

★ Fall River and New Bedford, Massachusetts

★ Plymouth, Massachusetts

★ Boston and its surrounding area

★ Gloucester, Massachusetts

★ Portsmouth, New Hampshire

★ Portland, Maine

Recreational

The Appalachian Mountains run through northern New England which make for excellent skiing. Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine are home to various ski resorts.
Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts are popular tourist destinations for their small town charm and beaches. All have restrictive zoning laws to prevent sprawl and overdevelopment.
Acadia National Park, off the coast of Maine, preserves most of Mount Desert Island and includes mountains, an ocean shoreline, woodlands, and lakes.
Additionally, the coastal New England states are home to many oceanfront beaches.
The financial magazine ''Money'', in a 2006 survey entitled "Best Places to Live," ranked several New England towns and cities in the top one hundred. In Connecticut, Fairfield was ranked ninth, while Stamford was ranked forty-sixth. In Maine, Portland ranked eighty-ninth. In Massachusetts, Newton was ranked twenty-second. In New Hampshire, Nashua, a past number one, was ranked eighty-seventh. In Rhode Island, Cranston was ranked seventy-eighth, while Warwick was ranked eighty-third.^[59]

See also

★ Extreme points of New England

★ Amusement parks in New England

★ Beaches of New England

★ Boston accent

★ New England town

★ Yankee

★ Swamp Yankee

★ Mammals of New England

★ Vegetation of New England
Other colonial dominions in the U.S. Northeast before the English colonies gained ascendance:

★ New Netherland

★ New Sweden

Notes

1. U.S. Census QuickFacts Page
2. Definition of New England
3. "New England," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
4. http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html
5. An Earth Without People
6. "In addition to claiming land for England and bringing the faith of the Church of England to the native peoples, each of the Virginia Companies was also enjoined both by the crown and its members to make a tidy profit by whatever means it found expedient." http://www.nps.gov/colo/Jthanout/TobaccoHistory.html
7. http://www.learner.org/channel/workshops/primarysources/virginia/transcript01.html
8. New England. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 20, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9055457
9. "...joint stock company organized in 1620 by a charter from the British crown with authority to colonize and govern the area now known as New England." New England, Council for. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 13, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9055458
10. Charles French and Scott Mitchell. ''American Guide To U.S. Coins: The Most Up-to-Date Coin Prices Available''. Available at: http://www.coin-collecting.info/American/early.html (Accessed 14 August 2006).
11. James Schouler, History of the United States vol 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. 1891; copyright expired).
12. The Story of the World Record Wind
13. New England's Fall Foliage
14. "New England," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
15. New England Climate Initiative. Available at: http://www.neci.sr.unh.edu/neccwaq.html#4 (Accessed 26 July 2006).
16.
17. U.S. Census Bureau - Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006
18. ( Population Estimates for Places over 100,000: 2000 to 2006 )
19. All population information for Massachusetts cities is as of 2000 and comes from the web site of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, available here. Last accessed: 11 August 2006.
20. Combined Statistical Areas and Component Core Based Statistical Areas, December 2005 Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau
21. http://www.nps.gov/blac/historyculture/index.htm
22. "Background on the New England Economy." U.S. Department of Commerce. Available at: http://www.buyusa.gov/newengland/background.html (Accessed 19 July 2006)
23. http://www.bls.gov/xg_shells/ro1xg02.htm#lf
24.
25. New England has the Highest Increase in Income Disparity in the Nation
26. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, and has abundant potato fields in its northeast part. Available at:
27. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at:
28. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at:
29. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at:
30. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Available at: http://www.bea.gov/bea/newsrel/gspnewsrelease.htm (Accessed 19 July 2005).
31. History of the United States of America, by Henry William Elson, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1904. Chapter VI p. 127-130. Available at: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/colonial/book/chap6_3.html (Accessed 19 July 2006).
32. Woodward, W^m McKenzie. ''Guide to Providence Architecture''. 1st ed. 2003: United States. p135.
33. Madison, James. ''Federalist No. 55''. Quotation attributed at http://www.ilsr.org/newrules/gov/townmtg.html (Accessed 19 July 2006).
34. See Harvard lecturer Robert I. Rotberg review ''REAL DEMOCRACY: THE NEW ENGLAND TOWN MEETING AND HOW IT WORKS'' at http://democraciaparticipativa.net/mambo/content/view/79/36/ (Accessed 19 July 2006).
35. "School Integration in Boston: Introduction." Available at: http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/school-integration/boston/index.html (Accessed 19 July 2006)
36. "Election 2006" (map) 'New York Times; retrieved November 15, 2007
37. Christopher Keating. "State Democrats Have Veto-Proof Majorities" ''Hartford Courant,'' November 9, 2006; retrieved November 15, 2007.
38. StateVote 2006 ''State Legislatures Magazine'' National Conference of State Legislatures; retrieved November 15, 2006.
39. "Connecticut: The Slow Death of the State G.O.P." ''New York Times," November 12, 2006; retrieved November 15, 2007.
40. Jennifer Medina, "Democrat Wins House Seat After Recount in Connecticut," ''New York Times'', November 16, 2006.
41. "2006 Political Party Breakdown by State."; accessed 19 July 2006.
42. "Death Penalty Information Center." Available at: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/state/ (Accessed 19 July 2006).
43. "New Hampshire has not executed anyone since 1939 and has no one on death row. Seven inmates are waiting to die in Connecticut, which conducted New England's last execution in 1960." FOXNews.com. "Supreme Court Lifts Order Blocking Connecticut Execution." Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,145681,00.html (Accessed 19 July 2006).
44. Marrying in Massachusetts: A Guide for Same-Sex Couples
45. Fahrenthold, David A. "Mass. Bill Requires Health Coverage, " ''The Washington Post'' April 5, 2006; Page A01. Retrieved December 6, 2006. See also Massachusetts 2006 Health Reform Statute.
46. http://www.nea.org/edstats/index.html
47. "She graduated from the elite Boston Latin School, the oldest high school in America, in 1999." Taken from the ''New York Post'', available at: http://www.nypost.com/news/regionalnews/64304.htm (Accessed 19 July 2006).
48. http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/neer/neer.htm
49. http://www.brown.edu/Research/Earthlab/lulchistory/nepopulationgrowth.htm
50. Ruth Schell, "Swamp Yankee," ''American Speech'', 1963, Volume 38, No.2 (The American Dialect Society, Published by Duke University Press ), pg. 121-123. accessed through JSTOR

51. http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/submit/Mullen_Dan1.stm
52. History of Candlepin Bowling
53. New England Cable News. Available at: http://www.boston.com/news/necn/About/ (Accessed 19 July 2006).
54. New England Sports Network. Available at: http://www.boston.com/sports/nesn/aboutus/FAQ/ (Accessed 19 July 2006).
55. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbasketball.htm
56. http://www.volleyball.org/history.html
57. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3710967.stm
58. "In marathoning, it has a foothold -
History means Boston can give any race in the world a run for its money" by John Powers, ''The Boston Globe'', April 10, 2005
59. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2006/top100/

References

★ Adams, James Truslow. ''The Founding of New England'' (1921)

★ Adams, James Truslow. ''Revolutionary New England, 1691-1776'' (1923)

★ Adams, James Truslow. ''New England in the Republic, 1776-1850'' (1926)

★ Andrews, Charles M. ''The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths'' (1919), short survey.

★ Axtell, James, ed. ''The American People in Colonial New England'' (1973), new social history

★ Black, John D. ''The rural economy of New England: a regional study'' (1950

★ Brewer, Daniel Chauncey. ''Conquest of New England by the Immigrant (1926).

★ Conforti, Joseph A. ''Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century'' (2001)

★ Dwight, Timothy. ''Travels Through New England and New York'' (circa 1800) 4 vol. (1969) Online at: vol 1; vol 2; vol 3; vol 4

★ Hall, Donald, foreword, Feintuch, Burt and Watters, David H., editors, ''Encyclopedia of New England'' (2005)

★ Karlsen, Carol F. ''The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England'' (1998)

★ Lilly, Lamberth. ''History of New England'' (1847)

★ Lockridge, Kenneth A. ''A New England Town: The First Hundred Years: Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636-1736'' (1985), new social history

★ McPhetres, S. A. ''A political manual for the campaign of 1868, for use in the New England states, containing the population and latest election returns of every town'' (1868)

★ Palfrey, John Gorham. ''History of New England'' (5 vol 1859-90)

★ Zimmerman, Joseph F. ''The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action'' (1999)

★ NEW YORK: Atlas of Historical County Boundaries; John H. Long, Editor; Compiled by Kathryn Ford Thorne; A Project of the Dr. William M. Scholl Center for Family and Community History; The new Berry Library; Simon & Schuster; 1993.

★ Contributors: U.S. Census Bureau. . Retrieved May 11, 2005

★ ''The Washington Post'', Mass. Bill Requires Health Coverage

★ ''The Guardian'', Movers and Shakers

External links

★ Historic USGS Maps of New England & NY

★ New England Articles of Confederation

★ Charter of New England

★ New England Governors Conference

★ Flag of New England

★ New England Confederation Alliance

★ New England Music Archive

★ Historic First Parish Cemetery and Old Burial Yard

★ National Network of Libraries of Medicine - New England Region

★ Hartford-Springfield Economic Partnership