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'Wars of national liberation' are conflicts fought by indigenous military groups against an imperial power in the name of self-determination, thus attempting to remove that power's influence, in particular during the decolonization period. They are often founded in guerrilla warfare or asymmetric warfare. Such guerrillas, which may include acts considered as "terrorism" by the opposing state, could hardly win without substantial outside help from another state ^[1]. According to political scientist Gérard Chaliand, all guerrillas aimed against European colonial powers were always a political success, although they may have been in some cases a military defeat. However, according to Gwynne Dyer, the tactics and strategies used against colonial powers were almost invariably failures when used against indigenous regimes.
Bangladesh, which became independent in 1971 due to India's intervention in the war against Pakistan could be considered an exception to this rule.

Contents

Strategies and tactics

Decolonization of the Americas

National liberation wars of the decolonization period

On-going wars of national liberation

Conflicts

References

See also

Strategies and tactics

Wars of national liberation are usually fought using guerilla tactics. The main purpose of these tactics is to increase the political cost of occupation of the colonial power past the point where the colonial power is willing to bear, thereby creating a political settlement. Wars of national liberation generally depend a large amounts of popular support, with ordinary civilians providing crucial intelligence and logistic support. Finally, wars of national liberation are often embedded in a larger context of great power politics and are often proxy wars.
These strategies explain why they are quite successful against colonial regimes and quite unsuccessful against indigenous regimes. Colonial regimes usually have a threshold beyond which they would prefer to go home rather than to fight the war. By contrast an indigenous regime has no place to go to, and will fight much harder because of the lack of alternatives. Moreover, colonial regimes usually have relatively few active supporters, who can often be easily identified, making it possible for guerrilla armies to operate. By contrast, indigenous regimes often have much more popular support, and their supporters are not as easily recognized, making it much harder to conduct guerilla operations.

Decolonization of the Americas

Main articles: Decolonization of the Americas, South American Wars of Independence

Following the American War of Independence (1775-1783), the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804), which led to the proclamation of Haiti as the first independent black republic in 1804, and the wars of independence led in the 1810-1820s by famous ''Libertadores'' such as Simón Bolívar in the North and José de San Martín in the South, led to the decolonization of most of the Americas. Brazil's independence was declared in 1822 by Dom Pedro I.

National liberation wars of the decolonization period

The first separatist rebellion within the former British Empire not to end in defeat since the American Revolutionary War was the Irish War of Independence of 1919-1921 which led to the renewed independence of most of Ireland (26 counties out of 32). This was the first of many later successful anti-colonial rebellions during the 20th century.
The First Indochina War (1946-54), the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62) and the Vietnam War (1959-75) were some of the most famous national liberation wars. The African National Congress (ANC)'s struggle against the apartheid regime is also part of these wars. These wars were in part supported by the Soviet Union, which claimed to be an anti-imperialist power. In fact, since the 1917 October Revolution, the revolutionary objectives of communism were shared by many anticolonialist leaders, thus explaining the objective alliance between anticolonialist forces and Marxism. The concept of "imperialism" itself had been which had theorized in Lenin's famous 1916 book, ''Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism''. For example, Ho Chi Minh — who founded the Viet-Minh in 1941 and declared the independence of Vietnam on September 2, 1945, following the 1945 August Revolution — was a founding member of the French Communist Party (PCF) in 1921. In January 1961, over three years before the Gulf of Tonkin incident which would mark the United States' increased involvement in the Vietnamese conflict, Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev would pledge support for "wars of national liberation" throughout the world. In the same decade, Cuba, led by Fidel Castro, would support national liberation movements in Angola and Mozambique. The Portuguese colonial wars finally led to the recognition of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau as independent states in 1975, following the April Carnation Revolution.

On-going wars of national liberation

★ The First and Second Chechen Wars are also considered to be wars of national liberation against Russia.

★ Although though they are extremely disliked by the citizens of Iraq, ^[2] some insurgent groups, and certain political groups believe that the Iraq War is a war of national liberation against the coalition. This must be weighed with the fact that the national government of Iraq has consistently enjoyed a great deal of popularity .^[3]

★ The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the official representative of the Palestinian people, was recognized as a national liberation movement by the United Nations when it was granted observer status in the United Nations General Assembly in 1974.^[4][5]

★ Before Israel's modern establishment, Zionism was seen as a national liberation movement.

★ The Polisario Front has sought the independence of Western Sahara since 1975 and considered its guerilla war against Morocco as national liberation war, while Morocco considered it a secessionist movement. The hostilities are frozen since the 1991 cease-fire following the settlement plan agreement.

★ As a result of the politics of the former Yugoslavia, a group of ethnic-Albanian politicians in Kosovo declared (on 2 July 1990) an independent "Republic of Kosovo" from the Republic of Serbia's Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. After the dissolution of SFRY, an unofficial referendum was held for independence in 1992 that passed and began a conflict between the Albanian separatists led by the Kosovo Liberation Army and the Yugoslav military and paramilitary armed forces. This lasted until 1999 when a peace was brokered and the province came under UN administration under the terms of UNSCR 1244. International negotiations between Pristina and Belgrade are in progress on the future status of Kosovo. The conflict would only count as a war of national liberation if you exclude the fact that an Albanian state already exists, and that ethnic-Albanians in Kosovo seek their own separate nationhood.

Conflicts

Conflicts which have been described as ''wars of national liberation'':

★ Explicit wars of decolonization:

★
★ the Philippine Revolution

★
★ In Vietnam, by the Viet Minh against France (also, during World War II, against Japan) and later against the United States in the Vietnam War.

★
★ the Indonesian National Revolution

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★ the Palestinian War of independence against Israel

★
★ The Madagascar revolt against the French in 1947

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★ In Algeria, by the FLN and MNA against France

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★ In Angola (MPLA, FNLA, UNITA), Mozambique (FRELIMO), Guinea-Bissau (PAIGC, FLING), and Cape Verde (PAIGC) against Portugal

★
★ In Cameroon, by the UPC against France

★
★ In South Yemen by various nationalist organizations against Britain

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★ the Mau Mau revolt in British-ruled Kenya

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★ the Second Chimurenga in Zimbabwe, led by ZANU and ZAPU

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★ In Western Sahara, by the Saharan Liberation Army against Spain and by the Polisario Front against Morocco

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★ In Namibia, by SWAPO and SWANU against apartheid South Africa

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★ the Dhofar Rebellion in Muscat and Oman

★
★ the Brunei Revolt

★ In Ireland, against the British in Northern Ireland by the Provisional Irish Republican Army from 1969 until 1998. The Provisional IRA and other Irish Republican groups aimed and still aim to reunite both of Ireland's separate entities Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland as a completely independent and unified democratic socialist republic.

★ In Nicaragua, by the Sandinistas against the United States-backed government.

★ In Chad, by FROLINAT against the Tombalbaye dictatorship

★ In South Africa, by Umkhonto we Sizwe and Poqo.

★ In China, the Second Sino-Japanese War against Japanese subjugation of China.

★ the Bangladesh Liberation War

★ the Eritrean War of Independence against Ethiopia

★ In West Papua, by the Organisasi Papua Merdeka

★ In Bougainville, by the Bougainville Revolutionary Army

★ In Canada during 1837 and in subsequent years English Canadian and French Canadian reformers of William Lyon Mackenzie and the patriotes of Louis Joseph Papineau fought the British Empire for the independence of Canada. See Rebellions of 1837

References

1. See for example Gérard Chaliand various books; French interview here
2. http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/brmiddleeastnafricara/248.php?nid=&id=&pnt=248&lb=brme
3. http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/brmiddleeastnafricara/166.php?nid=&id=&pnt=166&lb=brme
4. Security Council
5. {{cite web}title=Sovereignty Is No Longer Sacrosanct:Codifying Humanitarian Intervention|author=Jarat Chopra et al.|publisher=Humanitarianism and War Project|accessdate=2007-08-21|url=http://hwproject.tufts.edu/publications/electronic/e_sinls.html}}

See also

★ War of Independence

★ Clausewitz's ''On War'' (1832) ("war is the continuation of politics by other means")

★ colonialism & chronology of colonialism

★ civil war

★ Hukbalahap

★ independence

★ guerrilla warfare

★ insurgency and counter-insurgency

★ List of active autonomist and secessionist movements

★ Peninsular War