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(Redirected from Nasir al-Din al-Tusi)
'' (18 February 1201 in Tus, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in Kadhimain near Baghdad), better known as '', was a Persian of the Twelver Shi'a Islamic belief. He was a prolific polymath writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian.
A 60-km diameter lunar crater located on the southern hemisphere of the moon is named after him as "Nasireddin". The K. N. Toosi University of Technology in Iran is also named after him.
Nasir al-Din Tusi was born in Tus in the year 1201 and began his studies at an early age. In Tus he studied Arabic, the Qur'an, Hadith, Shi'a jurisprudence, logic, philosophy, mathematics, medicine and astronomy.[1]
At a young age he moved to Nishapur to study philosophy under Farid al-Din Damad and mathematics under Muhammad Hasib.[2]
As the armies of Genghis Khan swept his homeland, he fled to join the Ismailis and made his most important contributions in science during this time when he was moving from one stronghold to another. He finally joined Hulagu Khan's ranks, after the invasion of the Alamut castle by the Mongol forces.
★ ''Tajrid-al-'Aqaid'' – A major work on al-Kalam (Islamic scholastic philosophy).
★ ''Al-Tadhkirah fi'ilm al-hay'ah'' – A memoir on the science of astronomy. Many commentaries were written about this work called Sharh al-Tadhkirah (A Commentary on al-Tadhkirah) - Commentaries were written by Abd al-Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Birjandi and by Nazzam Nishapuri.
★ ''Akhlaq-i-Nasri'' – A work on ethics.
★ ''al-Risalah al-Asturlabiyah'' – A Treatise on astrolabe.
★ ''Zij-i ilkhani'' (''Ilkhanic Tables'') – A major astronomical treatise, completed in 1272.
Tusi convinced Hulegu Khan to construct an observatory for establishing accurate astronomical tables for better astrological predictions. Beginning in 1259, the Rasad Khaneh observatory was constructed west of Maragheh, the capital of the Ilkhanate Empire.
Based on the observations in this for the time being most advanced observatory, Tusi made very accurate tables of planetary movements as depicted in his book ''Zij-i ilkhani'' (''Ilkhanic Tables''). This book contains astronomical tables for calculating the positions of the planets and the names of the stars. His model for the planetary system is believed to be the most advanced of his time, and was used extensively until the development of the heliocentric model in the time of Copernicus. Between Ptolemy and Copernicus, he is considered by many to be one of the most eminent astronomers of his time, and his work and theory in astronomy can also be compared to that of the Chinese scientist Shen Kuo (1031-1095 AD).
For his planetary models, he invented a geometrical technique called a Tusi-couple, which generates linear motion from the sum of two circular motions. He used this technique to replace Ptolemy's problematic equant, and it was later employed in Ibn al-Shatir's geocentric model and Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric Copernican model. He also calculated the value for the annual precession of the equinoxes and contributed to the construction and usage of some astronomical instruments including the astrolabe. He gave the first extensive exposition of spherical trigonometry.
Tusi wrote extensively on biology and is one of the early pioneers of biological evolution in scientific thought. He begins his theory of evolution with the universe once consisting of equal and similar elements, which themselves consist of elementary particles. According to Tusi, internal contradictions began appearing, and as a result, some substances began developing faster and differently from other substances. He then explains how the elements evolved into minerals, then plants, then animals, and then humans. Tusi then goes on to explain how hereditary variability was an important factor for biological evolution of living things:Farid Alakbarov (Summer 2001). [A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution, ''Azerbaijan International'' '9' (2).
Tusi discusses how organisms are able to adapt to their environments:
Tusi recognized three types of living things: plants, animals, and humans. He wrote:
Tusi then explains how humans evolved from advanced animals:
In chemistry, Tusi stated an early version of the law of conservation of mass. He wrote that a body of matter is able to change, but is not able to disappear:
He was perhaps the first to treat trigonometry as a separate mathematical discipline, and in his ''Treatise on the Quadrilateral'' he was the first to list the six distinct cases of a right triangle in spherical trigonometry.
★ Islamic Golden Age
★ Islamic science
★ Islamic scholars
★ List of Muslim scholars
★ List of Iranian scientists
★ Shen Kuo
1. Dabashi, Hamid. "Khwajah Nasir al-Din al-Tusi: The philosopher/vizier and the intellectual climate of his times". Routledge History of World Philosophies. Vol I. History of Islamic Philosophy. Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman (eds.) London: Routledge. 1996. p. 529
2. Siddiqi, Bakhtyar Husain. "Nasir al-Din Tusi". A History of Islamic Philosophy. Vol 1. M. M. Sharif (ed.). Wiesbaden:: Otto Harrossowitz. 1963. p. 565
★
★
★ Biography by Islamic Philosophy Online
★ Biography by The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
★ Kerry Magruder, History of Science Online: Islamic and Early Medieval Science, University of Oklahoma
★ Islam Online.
★ http://www.famousmuslims.com/NASIR%20AL-DIN%20AL-TUSI.htm
★ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073899
'' (18 February 1201 in Tus, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in Kadhimain near Baghdad), better known as '', was a Persian of the Twelver Shi'a Islamic belief. He was a prolific polymath writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian.
A 60-km diameter lunar crater located on the southern hemisphere of the moon is named after him as "Nasireddin". The K. N. Toosi University of Technology in Iran is also named after him.
| Contents |
| Biography |
| Works |
| Achievements |
| Astronomy |
| Biology |
| Chemistry |
| Mathematics |
| See also |
| References |
| Further reading |
| External links |
Biography
Nasir al-Din Tusi was born in Tus in the year 1201 and began his studies at an early age. In Tus he studied Arabic, the Qur'an, Hadith, Shi'a jurisprudence, logic, philosophy, mathematics, medicine and astronomy.[1]
At a young age he moved to Nishapur to study philosophy under Farid al-Din Damad and mathematics under Muhammad Hasib.[2]
As the armies of Genghis Khan swept his homeland, he fled to join the Ismailis and made his most important contributions in science during this time when he was moving from one stronghold to another. He finally joined Hulagu Khan's ranks, after the invasion of the Alamut castle by the Mongol forces.
Works
A Treatise on Astrolabe by al-Tusi, Isfahan 1505
★ ''Tajrid-al-'Aqaid'' – A major work on al-Kalam (Islamic scholastic philosophy).
★ ''Al-Tadhkirah fi'ilm al-hay'ah'' – A memoir on the science of astronomy. Many commentaries were written about this work called Sharh al-Tadhkirah (A Commentary on al-Tadhkirah) - Commentaries were written by Abd al-Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Birjandi and by Nazzam Nishapuri.
★ ''Akhlaq-i-Nasri'' – A work on ethics.
★ ''al-Risalah al-Asturlabiyah'' – A Treatise on astrolabe.
★ ''Zij-i ilkhani'' (''Ilkhanic Tables'') – A major astronomical treatise, completed in 1272.
Achievements
Tusi couple from Vat. Arabic ms 319
Astronomy
Tusi convinced Hulegu Khan to construct an observatory for establishing accurate astronomical tables for better astrological predictions. Beginning in 1259, the Rasad Khaneh observatory was constructed west of Maragheh, the capital of the Ilkhanate Empire.
Based on the observations in this for the time being most advanced observatory, Tusi made very accurate tables of planetary movements as depicted in his book ''Zij-i ilkhani'' (''Ilkhanic Tables''). This book contains astronomical tables for calculating the positions of the planets and the names of the stars. His model for the planetary system is believed to be the most advanced of his time, and was used extensively until the development of the heliocentric model in the time of Copernicus. Between Ptolemy and Copernicus, he is considered by many to be one of the most eminent astronomers of his time, and his work and theory in astronomy can also be compared to that of the Chinese scientist Shen Kuo (1031-1095 AD).
For his planetary models, he invented a geometrical technique called a Tusi-couple, which generates linear motion from the sum of two circular motions. He used this technique to replace Ptolemy's problematic equant, and it was later employed in Ibn al-Shatir's geocentric model and Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric Copernican model. He also calculated the value for the annual precession of the equinoxes and contributed to the construction and usage of some astronomical instruments including the astrolabe. He gave the first extensive exposition of spherical trigonometry.
Biology
Tusi wrote extensively on biology and is one of the early pioneers of biological evolution in scientific thought. He begins his theory of evolution with the universe once consisting of equal and similar elements, which themselves consist of elementary particles. According to Tusi, internal contradictions began appearing, and as a result, some substances began developing faster and differently from other substances. He then explains how the elements evolved into minerals, then plants, then animals, and then humans. Tusi then goes on to explain how hereditary variability was an important factor for biological evolution of living things:Farid Alakbarov (Summer 2001). [A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution, ''Azerbaijan International'' '9' (2).
Tusi discusses how organisms are able to adapt to their environments:
Tusi recognized three types of living things: plants, animals, and humans. He wrote:
Tusi then explains how humans evolved from advanced animals:
Chemistry
In chemistry, Tusi stated an early version of the law of conservation of mass. He wrote that a body of matter is able to change, but is not able to disappear:
Mathematics
He was perhaps the first to treat trigonometry as a separate mathematical discipline, and in his ''Treatise on the Quadrilateral'' he was the first to list the six distinct cases of a right triangle in spherical trigonometry.
See also
★ Islamic Golden Age
★ Islamic science
★ Islamic scholars
★ List of Muslim scholars
★ List of Iranian scientists
★ Shen Kuo
References
1. Dabashi, Hamid. "Khwajah Nasir al-Din al-Tusi: The philosopher/vizier and the intellectual climate of his times". Routledge History of World Philosophies. Vol I. History of Islamic Philosophy. Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman (eds.) London: Routledge. 1996. p. 529
2. Siddiqi, Bakhtyar Husain. "Nasir al-Din Tusi". A History of Islamic Philosophy. Vol 1. M. M. Sharif (ed.). Wiesbaden:: Otto Harrossowitz. 1963. p. 565
Further reading
★
★
External links
★ Biography by Islamic Philosophy Online
★ Biography by The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
★ Kerry Magruder, History of Science Online: Islamic and Early Medieval Science, University of Oklahoma
★ Islam Online.
★ http://www.famousmuslims.com/NASIR%20AL-DIN%20AL-TUSI.htm
★ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073899
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