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The 'National Collegiate Athletic Association' ('NCAA', often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" or "N-C-Two-A" ) is a voluntary association of about 1,200 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletic programs of many
colleges and
universities in the
United States. Its headquarters are located in
Indianapolis,
Indiana and it is currently under the leadership of president
Myles Brand. The NCAA is the largest collegiate athletic organization in the world, and because of the great popularity of college sports among spectators in the United States, it is far more prominent than most national college sports bodies in other countries.
In August of 2007, the current three-division setup of
Division I,
Division II, and
Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention. Under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer
scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships. Generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently the term "Division I-AAA" was added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all.
[1] In 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).
History
Its predecessor, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS), was established on
March 31 1906 to set rules for amateur
sports in the
United States. Its creation was urged by then-president
Theodore Roosevelt in reaction to his concern over the growing amount of serious injuries and deaths occurring in collegiate football. The IAAUS later became the National Collegiate Athletic Association in
1910.
Up until the
1980s, the association did not offer women's athletics. Instead, an organization named the
Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women governed women's collegiate sports in the United States. By
1982 however, all divisions of the NCAA offered national championship events for women's athletics and most members of the AIAW joined the NCAA.
Up until
1973, the NCAA split its membership into two divisions: the
University Division and the
College Division. In August, the current three division setup of
Division I,
Division II, and
Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention. Under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer
scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships. Generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in
1978. Subsequently the term "Division I-AAA" was added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all.
[1] In
2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).
Structure
The NCAA's legislative structure is broken down into cabinets and committees, consisting of various representatives of its member schools. These may be broken down further into sub-committees. Legislation is then passed on to the Management Council, which oversees all the cabinets and committees, and also includes representatives from the schools, such as athletic directors and faculty advisors. Management Council legislation goes on to the Board of Directors, which consists of school presidents, for final approval.
The NCAA staff itself provides support, acting as guides, liaison, research and public and media relations. The current NCAA president is
Myles Brand, former president of
Indiana University.
Sports sanctioned by the NCAA include
basketball,
baseball (men),
softball (women),
football (men),
cross country,
field hockey (women),
bowling (women),
golf,
fencing (coeducational),
lacrosse,
soccer,
gymnastics,
rowing,
volleyball,
ice hockey,
water polo,
rifle (coeducational),
tennis,
skiing (coeducational),
track & field,
swimming &
diving, and
wrestling (men's).
The NCAA is not the only collegiate athletic organization in the United States. The
National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) is another collegiate athletic organization. The
Canadian equivalent to NCAA is the
Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS).
Presidents of NCAA (called executive director until 1998)
★
Walter Byers 1951-1988
★
Dick Schultz 1988-1993
★
Cedric Dempsey 1993-2002
★
Myles Brand 2003-
Championships
The NCAA holds, or has held in the past, championship tournaments in the following sports:
By the 1980s, televised college football was a significant source of income for the NCAA. Had the television contracts the NCAA had with
ABC,
CBS, and
ESPN remained in effect for the 1984 season, they would have generated
US$73.6 million for the Association and its members. In September 1981, the Board of Regents of the
University of Oklahoma and the
University of Georgia Athletic Association filed suit against the NCAA in district court in
Oklahoma. The plaintiffs stated that the NCAA's football television plan constituted price fixing, output restraints, boycott, and monopolizing, all of which were illegal under the
Sherman Act. The NCAA argued that its procompetitive and noncommercial justifications for the plan—protection of live gate, maintenance of competitive balance among NCAA member institutions and creation of a more attractive "product" to compete with other forms of entertainment—combined to make the plan reasonable. In September 1982, the district court found in favor of the plaintiffs, ruling that the plan violated antitrust laws. It enjoined the Association from enforcing the contract.
The NCAA does not hold a championship tournament for
Division I FBS football, a state of affairs which is quite controversial. Currently, the
Bowl Championship Series—an association of the conferences who compete in Division I FBS,
bowl games and the sports media—collates a series of polls to determine the two teams that will play in the
BCS National Championship Game. One third of a school's score in the BCS rankings comes from its standings in six computer polls, while the other two thirds comes from two human polls: one of current Division I FBS coaches (sponsored by ''
USA Today''), the other a mix of former players, coaches and administrators and current and former media (administered and sponsored by
Harris Interactive). The winner of the BCS title game automatically comes first in the final ''USA Today'' poll of the season and wins one half of the national championship, though the
Associated Press, via its own poll, can still confer the other half of the championship upon a team of its own selection.
As of 2007, however, only once in the first nine BCS title games has the AP Poll produced a different national champion than the Bowl Championship Series. The winner of the BCS title game also receives the ADT national championship trophy for college football, though—since the NCAA awards no national championship for Division I FBS football—this trophy does not say ''NCAA'' as all other college sports national championship trophies do.
Presently,
UCLA,
Stanford and
Southern California have the most NCAA championships; UCLA holds the most, winning a combined 100 team championships in men's and women's sports.
The NCAA currently awards 88 national championships yearly; 44 women's, 41 men's, and three coed championships where men and women compete together (Fencing, Rifle, and Skiing). For every NCAA sanctioned sport other than Division I FBS football, the NCAA awards wooden trophies with gold, silver, and bronze plating for the first, second, and third place teams respectively; similar to the
Olympics. In the case of the NCAA basketball tournaments, both semifinalists who did not make the championship game receive bronze plated trophies for third place (prior to 1982 the teams played a "consolation" game to determine third place). Similar trophies are awarded to both semifinalists in the NCAA football tournaments (which are conducted in Division I FCS and both lower divisions), which have never had a third-place game. Winning teams maintain permanent possession of these trophies unless it is later found that they were won via serious rules violations. Starting with the 2001 season, the trophies were given an extensive facelift. Starting in the 2007 basketball season, teams that make the Final Four in the Division I tournament receive bronze plated "regional championship" trophies upon winning their Regional Championship. The teams that make the National Championship game receive an additional trophy that is gold plated for the winner and silver plated for the runner-up. Starting in the mid-1990s, the National Champions in men's and women's basketball receive a very elaborate trophy sponsored by
Siemens with a black marble base and crystal "neck" with a removable crystal basketball following the presentation of the standard NCAA Championship trophy.
Conferences
Division I conferences
NCAA
2006 championship banners hang inside the NCAA Hall of Champions in Indianapolis
★
America East Conference
★
Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC)
★
★
Atlantic Sun Conference
★
Atlantic Ten Conference (A-10)
★
Big East Conference★
★
Big Sky Conference
★
Big South Conference
★
Big Ten Conference (Big Ten)
★
★
Big West Conference
★
Big 12 Conference (Big 12)
★
★
Colonial Athletic Association (CAA)
★
Conference USA (C-USA)
★
Horizon League
★
NCAA Independents
★
Ivy League
★
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC)
★
Mid-American Conference (MAC)
★
Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC)
★
Missouri Valley Conference (MVC or The Valley)
★
Mountain West Conference (MWC)
★
Northeast Conference (NEC)
★
Ohio Valley Conference (OVC)
★
Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10)
★
★
Patriot League
★
Southeastern Conference (SEC)
★
★
Southern Conference (SoCon)
★
Southland Conference
★
Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC)
★
Sun Belt Conference (SBC)
★
The Summit League (The Summit) (Formerly the Mid-Continent Conference)
★
United Basketball Conference (UBC)
★
West Coast Conference (WCC)
★
Western Athletic Conference (WAC)
''Conferences with automatic entry to the
Bowl Championship Series are denoted with an asterisk.''
Division I FCS football-only conferences
★
Gateway Football Conference
★
Great West Football Conference
★
Pioneer Football League
Division I hockey-only conferences
★
Atlantic Hockey
★
Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA)
★
College Hockey America
★
ECAC Hockey
★
Hockey East
★
Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA)
Foreign intercollegiate/interuniversity equivalents
★
International University Sports Federation
★
Australian University Sport
★
British Universities Sports Association
★
Canadian Interuniversity Sport (formerly CIAU) for
Canada
★
National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines) (NCAA) and
University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) for
Philippines (among other leagues)
Awards
The NCAA presents a number of different individual awards,
[3] including:
★
NCAA Award of Valor, not given every year, selection is based on heroic action occurring in the academic year.
★
NCAA Gerald R. Ford Award, honors an individual who has provided significant leadership as an advocate for intercollegiate athletics.
★
NCAA Inspiration Award, not given every year, selection is based on inspirational action.
★
NCAA Sportsmanship Award, honoring student-athletes who have demonstrated one or more of the ideals of sportsmanship.
★
NCAA Woman of the Year Award, honors a senior student-athletes who has distinguished herself throughout her collegiate careers in academics, athletics, service and leadership.
★
The Flying Wedge Award, one of the NCAA’s highest honors exemplifying outstanding leadership and service to the NCAA.
★
Theodore Roosevelt Award (NCAA), the highest honor that the NCAA confers on an individual.
★
Today's Top VIII Award, honoring eight outstanding senior student-athletes.
★
Silver Anniversary Awards, honoring six distinguished former student-athletes.
Rules violations
Member schools pledge to follow the rules promulgated by the NCAA. Creation of a mechanism to enforce the NCAA's legislation occurred in 1952 after careful consideration by the membership.
Allegations of rules violations are referred to the NCAA's investigative staff. A preliminary investigation is initiated to determine if an official inquiry is warranted and to categorize any resultant violations as secondary or major. If several violations are found, the NCAA may determine that the school as a whole has exhibited a "lack of institutional control." The institution involved is notified promptly and may appear in its own behalf before the NCAA Committee on Infractions.
Findings of the Committee on Infractions and the resultant sanctions in major cases are reported to the institution. Sanctions will generally include having the institution placed on "probation" for a period of time, in addition to other penalties. The institution may appeal the findings or sanctions to an appeals committee. After considering written reports and oral presentations by representatives of the Committee on Infractions and the institution, the committee acts on the appeal. Action may include accepting the infractions committee's findings and penalty, altering either, or making its own findings and imposing an appropriate penalty.
Institutions violating the probationary period may be subject to being banned from participating in the sport in question for up to two years, a penalty known as the
"Death Penalty".
Division I FBS institutions on probation
The following institutions are currently on probation by the NCAA:
[4]
★
Arizona State (through 2007)
★
Baylor (through 2010)
★
Fresno State (through 2010)
★
Georgia (through 2008)
★
Georgia Tech (through 2007)
★
Iowa (through 2008)
[5]
★
Kansas (through 2009)
★
Memphis (through 2007)
★
Mississippi State (through 2008)
★
Missouri (through 2007)
★
Northern Illinois (through 2007)
★
Ohio State (through 2009)
★
Oklahoma (through 2010)
★
South Carolina (through 2008)
★
TCU (through 2007)
★
Washington (through 2007)
Criticisms
Numerous criticisms have been lodged against the NCAA. These include:
★ NCAA rules require student-athletes to accept no compensation for their play other than a scholarship. At the same time, universities with major athletic programs reap millions of dollars annually from their athletic programs.
★ Several people, notably including ''
Sports Illustrated'' columnist
Rick Reilly, have criticized the NCAA for its inflexibility
[6]
★ Coaches at public universities are often the highest paid state employees in the state, making millions of dollars.
★ Student-athletes at universities with major athletic programs often have low graduation rates.
[7]
See also
★
NCAA Hall of Champions
★
List of NCAA Division I Institutions
★
List of Division I Athletic Directors
★
List of NCAA Division II Institutions
★
List of NCAA Division III Institutions
★
List of NAIA Institutions
★
List of college athletic programs by U.S. State
★
AIAW Championships
★
College football
★
List of college athletic conferences
★
Academic Progress Rate
★
NACDA Director's Cup
References
1. NCAA History
2. NCAA History
3. NCAA Awards Webpage (accessed 2006-11-07)
4. NCAA list of programs on probation (accessed 2006-11-08)
5. November 2, 2006 NCAA press release regarding University of Iowa
6. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/inside_game/rick_reilly/news/2003/08/05/reilly0811/
7. NCAA graduation rates (accessed 2007-03-16)
External links
★
NCAA administrative website
★
NCAA student information website
★
NCAA sports
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