The period of 'Muhammad in Medina' started with the
Migration to Medina in 622 and ended with the
Conquest of Mecca in 630.
History
This period is preceded by the period of
Muhammad before Medina.
622
September 9 — Migration to Medina
Main articles: Migration to Medina
The Meccans decided to trail him but on the way Muhammad and his companion Abu Bakr hid in a cave. The Meccans however overlooked the area as an unlikely place for them to have hidden so they moved past it. On his trip a Quraysh named Suraqa saw Muhammad and went after him with his horse. As he got closer to Muhammad, his horse sank in the sand. He got his horse out and went after him again. He did this a several times. In the end he gave up and ran to Muhammad. "''He said please forgive me, I want to be a muslim"''. Muhammad told him to lead the other
Quraysh men another direction and so he did.
Arrival to Medina
After their arrival to Medina, 73 men pledged alligance to Muhamamd
[http://www.islamic-council.org/lib/men/ABD-ALLAH-IBN-RAWAAHAH.html]. a list includes:
#
Abd-Allah ibn Rawahah [http://www.islamic-council.org/lib/men/ABD-ALLAH-IBN-RAWAAHAH.html]
Constitution of Medina
Main articles: Constitution of Medina
During the first year, Muhammad drew the Constitution of Medina, a treaty that concerns the rights and responsibilities of the
Muslim,
Jewish, and other
Arab and tribal communities of
Medina during the war between that city and its neighbours.
623
624
March 17 — Battle of Badr
Main articles: Battle of Badr
The
Battle of Badr fought was a key battle in the early days of
Islam and a turning point in
Muhammad's struggle with the
Meccan
Quraish[1]. The battle has been passed down in
Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to
divine intervention or the "genius of Muhammad".
Banu Qaynuqa
Main articles: Banu Qaynuqa
The Banu Qaynuqa were a
Jewish tribe of pre-
Islamic Arabia. They were among the first Jews that settled at
Medina, and the most powerful of all the Jewish tribes of the peninsula before Islam. They formed a gild of
goldsmiths. They had also a
marketplace, known under the name "Market of the Banu Qaynuqa," which was the general marketplace of the city before
Muhammad laid out the great marketplace. Besides this they possessed two strong castles in the north of Medina. After Muhammad had come to Medina, he endeavored to win all the Jews over to Islam and more so after the victory at Badr. However they were not willing to accept his message or growing influence and took it negatively so they helped incite civil unrest around Medina. Eventually it became out of hand and Muhammad gathered a number of Muslims against them and they retired to their fortresses, but after a siege which lasted fifteen days, they surrendered on condition of sparing their families and animals. This being the first problem to have occurred in relations with another tribe, he simply had them exiled and their goods and land confiscated. Subsequently they settled in
Adra'at and
Qadi al-Qura in the north.
625
March 23 — Battle of Uhud
Main articles: Battle of Uhud
The Battle of Uhud was fought between a small Muslim force and a force from
Mecca. Uhud is near Medina. The Muslims had the worst of the encounter and retired after having lost some seventy-five men. However, the Meccans did not pursue the Muslims into Medina, but marched back to Mecca.
The encounter is generally regarded as a victory for the Meccans and a serious setback for the Muslims.
Watt, in his 1956 account of the battle, disagrees; he concludes that while the Muslims did not win, the Meccans themselves had suffered some losses and did not feel strong enough to attack the Muslims in their stronghold. Since the Meccans had embarked on the venture with an eye to subduing the Muslims entirely, their mission had actually failed
[2].
Expulsion of Banu Nadir to Khaybar
Main articles: Banu Nadir
The Banu Nadir were one of the three main
Jewish
tribes living in
Medina. Following some event,
Muhammad expelled Banu Nadir from the city in 625 and confiscating their land. The tribe moved to the oasis of Khaybar where they would conflict in 628
626
Attack on Dumat al-Jandal: Syria
627
Battle of the Trench
Main articles: Battle of the Trench
The Battle of the Trench was an attack by the city of
Mecca on the city
Medina in
627. The name "Battle of the Trench" comes from the fact that the Muslims dug a trench north of Medina to protect the city (Medina was naturally fortified on all other fronts). Although Mecca fielded a larger army it was unable to overcome the defenses.
Siege of the Banu Qurayza
Main articles: Siege of the Banu Qurayza
The Banu Qurayza were a
Jewish tribe who lived in Medina. The bulk of the tribe's men, apart from a few who converted to Islam, were killed in 627 CE, following a siege mounted by Muslim inhabitants of Medina and immigrants from Mecca. This was because the Banu Qurayza had broken a peace treaty with the Muslims by aiding the Meccans in their attack on Medina, which the Muslims had just repulsed in the
Battle of the Trench.
Banu Kalb
Main articles: Banu Kalb
Banu Kalb subjugation:
Dumat al-Jandal
Banu Mustaliq
Main articles: Banu Mustaliq
Banu Mustaliq
[3]
628
Zaynab bint Jahsh
In 628, Muhammad married
Zaynab bint Jahsh.
6 AH, Dhu al-Qi'dah: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Main articles: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed in 628. In 628 C.E. a group of 1,600 Muslims marched towards
Mecca, in an attempt to perform the
pilgrimage.
:''"Then he [Muhammad] marched till he reached al-Hudaybiyya which lies at the limit of the Haram [sacred territory of Mecca] area at a distance of nine miles from Mecca."
[4]
The group was prepared with sacrificial animals, as they hoped that the
Quraish would honour the Arabian custom of allowing unarmed pilgrims to enter the city. The
Quraish, however, intercepted the Muslim party, well outside Mecca. By this time all of Arabia was aware of the military strength of the Muslims. Muhammad, the leader of the Muslims, was also desperate to avoid bloodshed in or near the holiest city of Islam. Therefore the two parties decided to resolve the matter through diplomacy, rather than warfare.
:''"Today whatever condition Quraysh make in which they ask me to show kindness to kindred I shall agree to".
[5]
Letters to the Heads-of-State
Main articles: Muhammad's letters to the Heads-of-State
After the agreement-of-Hudaybiyya Muhammad decided to send letters to many rulers of the world, inviting them to Islam
[ Muhammad: His Life based on the earliest sources, , Martin, Lings, Suhail Academy Lahore, 1994, ] [ Muhammad The Final Messenger, , Dr. Majid Ali, Khan, Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India), 1998, ISBN 81-85738-25-4 ][ The Life of Muhammad (Translated from the 8th Edition By Ism'il Ragi A. Al Faruqi), , Muhammad Husayn, Haykal, Islami Book Trust, Kula Lumpur, 1993, ] Hence he send messengers (with letters) to Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire (The eastern Roman Empire), Chosroes of Persia, the chief of Yeman and to some others.
[ ]
7 AH, Safar: Battle of Khaybar
Main articles: Battle of Khaybar
The Battle of Khaybar between Muhammad and the Jews of Khaybar (an oasis near Medina) resulted in the defeat of the later. The Banu Nadir had moved here three years earlier, and this time most of their male members where killed. Their wives and property became spoils of war for the Muslims. Muhammad took a share of the spoils, and took Safiyya bint Huyayy, the widow of the tribe's slain treasurer as his wife.
Return from Abyssinia
Return of the Muslims who underwent the second migration to Abyssinia [6].
629
7 AH, Dhu al-Qi'dah: The first pilgrimage
Main articles: The first pilgrimage
First hajj pilgrimage in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah, in accordance to the treaty of the previous year [7].
8 AH, Jumada al-awwal: Battle of Mu'tah
Main articles: Battle of Mu'tah
The Battle of Mu'tah was fought in 629 near the village of Mu'tah, now a town in Jordan, located to the east of the Jordan River, between a Muslim force dispatched by Muhammad and the Byzantine army. In Muslim histories, the battle is usually shown as the Muslims attempt to take retribution against a Ghassanid chief for taking the life of an emissary but it ended in a draw and safe retreat of both sides. Some modern historians however view the battle as an unsuccessful expedition by Muhammad aimed at conquering the Arabs living to the east of Jordan.[8]
630
8 AH, Jumada al-thani: Dhat as-Salasil
Main articles: Dhat as-Salasil
8 AH, Sha'aban: Assault on Banu Bakra
Main articles: Assault on Banu Bakra
8 AH, Ramadan: Dispatchment to Edam
Main articles: Dispatchment to Edam
8 AH, Ramadan, 10th:Conquest of Mecca
Main articles: Conquest of Mecca
Mecca was conquered by the Muslims in the year 630 A.D. In 628 the Meccan tribe of Quraish and the Muslim community in Medina signed a truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyya. Despite improved relations between Mecca and Medina after the signing of the ''Treaty of Hudaybiyya'', a 10 year peace was to be broken by Quraish who, with their allies, the tribe of ''Bakr'', attacked the tribe of ''Khuza'ah'' who were allies of the Muslims and it was possibly not known to the Pagan tribes at the time. However, the treaty was deemed broken. Abu Sufyan, the leader of the Quraish in Mecca, was aware that the balances were now tilted in Muhammad's favour, went to Medina to restore the treaty but Muhammad refused to accommodate him and Abu Sufyan returned to Mecca empty handed. An approximately 10,000 strong Muslim army marched towards Mecca which soon surrendered peacefully. Muhammad acted generously to the Meccans, demanding only that the pagan idols around the Kaaba be destroyed. Abu Sufyan converted to Islam and Muhammad announced
:''"Who enters the house of Abu Sufyan will be safe, who lays down arms will be safe, who locks his door will be safe"''.
Aftermath
This period ended with the period of events of Muhammad's life.
See also
★ History of Islam
★ Timeline of Islamic history
References
1. Quraish refers to the tribe in control of Mecca. The plural and adjective are Quraishi. The terms "Quraishi" and "Meccan" are used interchangeably between the Hijra in 622 and the Muslim Conquest of Mecca in 630.
2. (pp. 27-29)
3. [1] archive
4. Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al-Kabir
5. Sirat Rasul Allah
6. http://christdot.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=5095&hl
7. [2]
8. 'Mu'ta', 'Encyclopaedia of Islam Online Edition' ISSN 1573-3912
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