'
New Zealand' is a '
constitutional monarchy' and a
Commonwealth Realm, with
Queen Elizabeth II as its reigning monarch, since
February 6,
1952. As such she is the ''
de jure''
head of state, though she does hold several powers that are hers alone, while the
Governor General is sometimes referred to as the
''de facto'' head of state.
In New Zealand, the Queen's official title is: '
Elizabeth the Second, By the
Grace of God, Queen of New Zealand and Her other Realms and Territories,
Head of the Commonwealth,
Defender of the Faith'.
The
Realm of New Zealand comprises
New Zealand,
Tokelau and the
Ross Dependency, and the
self-governing states of the
Cook Islands and
Niue.
The
heir apparent is Elizabeth II's eldest son,
Prince Charles, Prince of Wales.
Constitutional monarchy of New Zealand
International versus domestic role
One of the most complicated features of the New Zealand Monarchy is that it is in fact a shared monarchy. Some fifty-three independent sovereign states, including New Zealand, are members of the
Commonwealth of Nations (formerly The
British Empire, and later British Commonwealth). Sixteen of these countries are specifically
Commonwealth Realms who recognise the same sovereign, separately, as their
head of state.
Queen Elizabeth II is the current Monarch's conventional title for all her Commonwealth Realms, but is generally regarded as "Queen of New Zealand" only when she is actually present in New Zealand or when she otherwise performs ceremonies relevant to New Zealand. Some examples are conferring
New Zealand Honours while in the
United Kingdom.
Most of the sovereign of New Zealand's domestic duties are performed by the
Governor General of New Zealand.
There are few duties which must be performed specifically by the sovereign (such as signing the appointment papers of Governor General), but on occasion the
monarch must personally act directly in
partisan affairs (yet to happen in New Zealand).
In addition to the sovereign's role in each realm, he or she is also the nominal
Head of the Commonwealth. Though this title does not imply any
political power over member nations and does not automatically belong to the monarch, only the shared Monarch of the Commonwealth Realms has ever held the
title.
Development of shared monarchy
Although Queen Elizabeth II is also monarch of the
United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries, each nation – including New Zealand – is sovereign and independent of the others.
The
Balfour Declaration of 1926 provided the
dominions the right to be considered equal to Britain, rather than subordinate; an agreement that had the result of, in theory, a shared Crown that operates independently in each Realm rather than a unitary British Crown under which all the dominions were secondary. The monarchy thus ceased to legally be an exclusively British institution.
On all matters of the New Zealand State, the Monarch is advised solely by New Zealand
ministers. No British or other Realm government can advise the Monarch on any matters pertinent to New Zealand.
Queen Elizabeth II, is the current monarch's conventional title for all her Commonwealth Realms, but is generally addressed as "Queen of New Zealand" when she is actually present in New Zealand or when she otherwise performs duties relevant to New Zealand abroad, on the advice of her New Zealand ministers. Some examples are conferring
New Zealand honours while in the
United Kingdom.
In addition to the Monarch's role in each Realm, the New Zealand Monarch is also the nominal
Head of the Commonwealth. Though this title does not imply any political power over member nations, and does not automatically belong to the monarch, only the shared monarch of the Commonwealth Realms has ever held this
title.
Finance
Contrary to common misconception, New Zealanders do not pay any money to the Queen, either for
personal income or to support the Royal residences outside of New Zealand. Only when the Queen is in New Zealand, or acting abroad as Queen of New Zealand, does any New Zealand government support her in the performance of her duties. This rule applies equally to other members of the Royal Family.
Usually the New Zealand governments pay only for the costs associated with the
Governor General in their exercising of the powers of the Crown on behalf of the Queen, including travel, security, residences, offices, ceremonial occasions, etc.
Constitutional role
New Zealand's constitution is made up of a variety of statutes and conventions that are either British or New Zealand origin. Part one of the
Constitution Act 1986 describes ''"The Sovereign"'', as the reigning Monarch who is New Zealand's Head of state. Section 2(1) of the Act declares ''"The Sovereign in right of New Zealand"'' as Head of state, section 5(1) describes the Sovereign's successor as being ''"...determined in accordance with the enactment of the Parliament of England intituled The
Act of Settlement"''. This means that whoever is Head of State of the
United Kingdom under the Act of Settlement 1701 shall be Head of state of New Zealand.
This legislation lays out the rules that the Monarch cannot be a
Roman Catholic, nor married to one, and must be in communion with the
Church of England upon ascending the throne.
As New Zealand's rules of succession are identical to those of the United Kingdom (by the
Statute of Westminster) see
Succession to the British Throne for more information.
All powers of State are constitutionally reposed in the Monarch, who is represented by the
Governor General of New Zealand.
The Governor General is appointed by the Monarch upon the advice of the
Prime Minister of New Zealand.
Duties
Most of the Queen's domestic duties are performed by the Governors General.
As in the UK, the Monarch's role, and thereby the vice-regal's role, is almost entirely symbolic and cultural, acting as a symbol of the
legal authority under which all governments operate, and the powers that are constitutionally hers are exercised wholly upon the advice of the elected government. The monarch "reigns" but does not "rule".
There are also few duties which must be performed specifically by the
Queen (e.g. signing the appointment papers of Governors General), or require assent specifically by the Queen.
It is also possible that if the Governor General decided to go against the Prime Minister's or the government's advice, the Prime Minister could appeal directly to the Monarch, or even recommend that the Monarch dismiss the Governor General.
The Queen has formally opened
Parliament from the old
Legislative Council Chamber on five occasions, in January 1954, February 1963, March 1970, February 1986 and February 1990. On each occasion the
Royal Standard was flown from the central
flag pole while the Queen was in
Parliament House.
[1]
Royal Assent
Royal Assent and proclamation are required for all
acts of Parliament; usually granted by the Governor General.
Representation of the State
At one time the Monarchy was considered a purely British institution, when most New Zealanders still continued to be both legally, and by personal view, British subjects. However, paralleling the changes in
constitutional law, and the evolution of New Zealand
nationalism, the cultural role of the Monarchy in New Zealand altered.
Title
One of the first
post-war examples of New Zealand's status as an independent monarchy was the alteration of the Monarch's title, by the
Royal Titles Act 1953.
For the first time, the official New Zealand title mentioned New Zealand separately from the United Kingdom and the other Realms, to highlight the Monarch's role specifically as Queen of New Zealand, as well as the shared aspect of the Crown throughout the Realms: The ''Royal Titles Act 1953'' first introduced a New Zealand royal title for use by the sovereign in right of New Zealand, in this case ''"Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Her Other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith"''. With the passage of the
Royal Titles Act 1974 by the
third Labour Government Queen Elizabeth II's royal title in New Zealand has been ''“Elizabeth the Second, By the Grace of God, Queen ''of'' New Zealand and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.”''
Although the Queen's New Zealand titles include ''"
Defender of the Faith ''," neither the Queen, nor the Governor-General has any religious role in New Zealand; there have been no
established churches in New Zealand. This is one of the key differences from the Queen's role in the United Kingdom where she is
Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
Symbols
2003 stamp issue, reproducing the stamps issued in New Zealand in
1953.
Old New Zealand $100 note bearing the Queen's image. From 1953 to 1990, all
New Zealand banknotes minted bore this image.
References to the monarchy are commonplace in public life in New Zealand. Her portrait is often found in
government buildings,
military installations, and schools. There are references to
St Edward's Crown, on the
New Zealand's Royal Coat of Arms, on various medals, and awards.
These latter cases reflect the monarch's place as the ceremonial head of the
New Zealand honours system. As such, only she can approve the creation of an
honour, which she does as requested by the government of New Zealand. Although, the Governor General administers most responsibilities relating to New Zealand honours on the Queen's behalf.
The use of the term 'Royal', as in the
Royal New Zealand Navy and
Royal New Zealand Air Force, and oaths taken by politicians, judges, members of the armed forces and new citizens are to the Queen. The Queen's portrait appears on some
postage stamps, the obverse (front) of
New Zealand coins, and all banknotes feature the portrait of the Queen as the watermark. However, only the $20 banknote bears her image as the main feature.
In New Zealand, unlike in the
United Kingdom, the
Queen's Official Birthday is a
public holiday and is celebrated in the first Monday in June.
God Save the Queen remains one of the
National Anthems, along with
God Defend New Zealand.
Royal presence
Queen Elizabeth II's personal flag for New Zealand.
Though all of the Royal Family currently lives abroad, members are still regular visitors to New Zealand.
These events are often marked with a variety of ceremonies, the granting of honours and general celebrations, even though these events are not always official holidays.
The Queen regularly undertakes tours of New Zealand to celebrate
New Zealand culture, milestone anniversaries, military remembrances, etc. Other Royals will perform the same tasks in the Queen's place, from time to time, usually on a less grand scale or for events of a lesser importance. These tours are at the invitation of, organized, and paid for by the
New Zealand government, hence, they are called "official tours" or "official visits."
Since
1869, there have been over fifty visits by a member of the Royal Family to New Zealand, though only five of those came before
1953.
★ The first was a visit by
Prince Alfred in
1869.
★
Prince George, and his wife,
Mary in
1901
★
Prince Edward in
1920.
★
Prince Albert, and wife
Elizabeth, in 1927. and
★
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester in
1934-
1935
Queen Elizabeth II was the first reigning monarch of New Zealand to set foot on New Zealand soil, during her
1953-
54 Royal Visit, when she also delivered her
Christmas Day message from
Wellington.
[2]
Stamp Issue in
2001: Royal Visit
1953 - 40c, Royal Visit
1970 - 80c, Royal Visit
1977 - 90c, Royal Visit
1986, Royal Visit
1990 and the Official Portrait for New Zealand - $2.00
Other visits of Queen Elizabeth II:
★ 6-18 February,
1963: During this tour the Queen attended celebrations at
Waitangi and the
Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council was established as New Zealand's gift to the Queen.
★ 12-30 March,
1970: The Queen participated in the
James Cook bicentenary celebrations and introduced
Prince Charles and
Princess Anne to New Zealand. This tour marked the first 'walk-about' in a Royal visit.
★
30 January -
8 February,
1974: The Queen attended, and indeed closed the
Commonwealth Games in
Christchurch and participated in
New Zealand Day events at Waitangi.
★
22 February -
7 March,
1977: This was a Commonwealth tour designed to mark the
Queen's Silver Jubilee.
★ 12-20 October,
1981: A short visit which followed a
Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in
Melbourne.
★
22 February -
2 March,
1986: A routine visit which coincided with the centennial of the
New Zealand Police.
★ 1-16 February, 1990: The Queen closed the
Commonwealth Games in
Auckland and took part in the events marking the sesquicentennial of the
Treaty of Waitangi.
★ 1-10 November,
1995: The Queen attended the
Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in
Auckland and the opening and refurbished of Parliament Buildings (
2 November 1995).
★ 22-27 February
2002: The Queen visits New Zealand as part of the commemoration of her
50th Jubilee.
[3]
Further, other members of the Royal Family tour New Zealand either on official state duties, or at the request of charitable organizations, military regiments, and the like. For example,
Princess Anne visited in
1990 to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the
Gallipoli landings on
Anzac Day, and
Prince William visited in
2005, representing the Queen of New Zealand at
VE and
VJ Day commemorations.
[4] The
Earl of Wessex, who also visited in
1990, with the Queen, to open the
Commonwealth Games, spent two terms as a house tutor and junior master at the
Collegiate School, in
Wanganui, in
1982.
[5]
Prince William began his first official visit to New Zealand on
June 30,
2005, staying in the country for an 11 day tour. While there he laid a wreath at the
National War Memorial to mark the end of the second World War, and met with war veterans. William also attended an
All Blacks practice, lunched with them, and watched a match against the
British and Irish Lions, where the Prince was reported to have supported the Lions.
[6] He was supposed to visit a
primary school in
Arrowtown but his flight was unable to land due to fog so instead he returned to Christchurch and visited Christchurch Boys High School, and later represented his mother at a wreath laying ceremony in
Auckland.
[7]
On
November 11, 2006, the Queen dedicated the New Zealand war memorial in
London's
Hyde Park, accompanied by the
Duke of Edinburgh, the
Prince of Wales, the
Duchess of Cornwall, Prince William, the
Duke of York, and the
Princess Royal, as well as the Prime Minister of New Zealand,
Helen Clark, and the
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom,
Tony Blair. The Queen reviewed a Royal
Guard of Honour, formed by the largest contingent of New Zealand forces seen in the UK since Her Majesty's Coronation in 1953.
[8]
Legal role
In New Zealand the
legal personality of the
state is sometimes referred to as "Her Majesty the Queen in Right of New Zealand", although the term "the Crown" more often associated with the government acting as a legal entity.
Similarly the
oath of allegiance to New Zealand, sworn by new
citizens, the
New Zealand Defence Force,
New Zealand Police officers, and
parliamentarians, is an oath of allegiance to the monarch as sovereign of New Zealand, and to his/her heirs and successors according to law.
The Oath taker places their allegiance to the continuing State, its laws, etc., as embodied by the Monarch. As the legal personality of the State, the Monarch has obligations to the Oath taker. The Monarch's acceptance of her responsibilities to her subjects is symbolised by the
Coronation Oath.
In addition the Monarch also serves as a symbol of the legitimacy of Courts of Justice, and of their judicial authority. An image of the Queen or the
Coat of Arms of New Zealand is always displayed in New Zealand courtrooms.
The Crown and the Māori
Many New Zealanders consider the
Treaty of Waitangi to be the "
Magna Carta" of New Zealand, and as the
founding document of the nation. The treaty, signed between over five hundred Māori chiefs and the then
British Crown, is often viewed today as an agreement directly between the
indigenous peoples and the New Zealand government. Māori constitutional lawyer
Moana Jackson has stated that, because the New Zealand government (identified as "
Kawanatanga" in the Treaty text) is the body politic enforcing the Treaty and making settlements, "Kawanatanga" is the actual party to the Treaty, not the Crown,
[9] despite the fact that the Crown alone holds the
executive authority of government.
[10]
In the
Māori language, the Queen is sometimes referred to as 'Te kōtuku-rerenga-tahi', meaning "the
white heron of a single flight"; in Māori proverb, the rare white heron is a significant bird seen only once in a lifetime.
[11] In 1953, for her
Coronation, she was given a kiwi feather
Korowai (cloak).
[12] The Queen wears this cloak, and also speaks partly in Māori, when attending a
pōwhiri or Māori welcoming ceremony.
[5]
Māori petitions to the Crown
Following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, a number of petitions were made by Māori directly to the Crown in London. The first such petition occurred in 1882 by northern Chiefs, but was referred back to the New Zealand Government. In 1894, a second petition was made by
King Tawhiao of the
Kingitanga (Māori King Movement) to Queen Victoria. Māori felt they had a
special relationship with their Treaty partner, Queen Victoria, in person, but in this case they met instead with
Lord Derby at the Colonial Office who referred the petition back to the New Zealand Government, on the grounds that the Imperial Government no longer had responsibility for such matters. The New Zealand Government dismissed it.
All subsequent petitions taken to the United Kingdom were referred back to the New Zealand Government on the grounds that the Imperial Government no longer had the responsibility for such matters;
[14] after the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, which divided the Crown and ended the right of
the United Kingdom Parliament to legislate for New Zealand without the latter's consent, this concept became law. In 1977, a group of Wanganui Māori unsuccessfully petitioned the Queen over their claims for the
Whanganui River.
[15] In 1983, an attempt by the
Mana Motuhake Party to directly petition the Queen to "honour the Treaty" was refused by the New Zealand Government. In response, Māori activist
Dun Mihaka offered a traditional rebuke by baring his buttocks at the Queen.
The Crown and the New Zealand Defence Force
The Crown retains a prominent place within the
New Zealand Defence Force, which consists of the
New Zealand Army,
Royal New Zealand Air Force, and
Royal New Zealand Navy. Section 5 of the Defence Act 1990 says: "The Governor-General may from time to time, in the name and on behalf of the Sovereign, continue to raise and maintain armed forces, either in New Zealand or elsewhere..."
The Sovereign is head of the armed services. The Governor-General is styled
Commander-in-Chief in and over New Zealand, although no specific duties attach to the latter office that does not belong to the office as representative of the Queen. The Sovereign's position and role in the military is reflected by New Zealand
naval vessels bearing the prefix
Her Majesty's New Zealand Ship (HMNZS) (subsequently His Majesty's New Zealand Ship during the reign of a king), and all members of the armed forces must swear allegiance to the Queen and her heirs and successors. This means total and unconditional loyalty to the New Zealand Government and the Crown. This reaffirmation of loyalty to the Sovereign, as Head of State, also ensures that the loyalty of servicemen and women as serving members of the Armed Services, regardless of their personal political beliefs, is not given to any one political party, but to the country in the form of the Head of State.
The Queen inspects a combined military guard of honour upon arrival at Wellington Airport for her Jubilee tour of New Zealand, 2002.
by
soldiers is recognition of the Queen's Commission, being indirectly a salute to the Sovereign through the
individual holding Her Majesty the Queen's authority. By returning the salute; it is not only acknowledgment of a salute to the officer personally, but recognition of the fact that through an officer, members have given an outward sign of their loyalty to Her Majesty the Queen, New Zealand and the New Zealand Defence Force.
Members of the Royal Family have presided over many military ceremonies, including Trooping of the Colours, inspections of the troops, and anniversaries of key battles. Whenever Her Majesty is in
Wellington she lays a wreath at the
New Zealand War Memorial.
Members of the Royal Family have personal experience of life in the
British Armed Forces.
As Princess Elizabeth, The Queen joined the
Auxiliary Territorial Service in 1945, becoming the first female member of the Royal Family to be a
full-time active member of the Armed Services.The
Duke of Edinburgh and The
Prince of Wales have served in the
Royal Navy. The Prince of Wales also trained in the
Royal Air Force as a pilot.
Prince William and
Prince Harry have both undergone Army officer training at
Sandhurst.
The
Duke of York served for over twenty years as an officer in the Royal Navy before leaving the Service in 2001. He is the most recent member of the Royal Family to see active service.
Members of the Royal Family are
Colonel-in-Chief; of many New Zealand regiments including:
Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers;
Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment;
Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment;
Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals amongst many others. For a more comprehensive list see:
List of New Zealand organisations with royal patronage:Honorary Military Appointments
The Queen's husband [His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh] is an Admiral of the Fleet in right of the Royal New Zealand Navy, Marshal of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and Field Marshal of the New Zealand Army. He holds these positions as distinct from similar positions held in the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. The offices are not honorary, but neither are they within the normal command structure of the NZDF.
New Zealand Royal Family
The New Zealand
Royal Family is a group of people closely related to the New Zealand Monarch; it is a non-resident royal family, those who comprise the group live in the
United Kingdom. They carry the
style His or Her Majesty (HM),
His or Her Royal Highness (HRH), or sometimes
The Right Honourable.
Members of the Royal Family in the direct line of succession owe allegiance to the Sovereign in right of New Zealand. As such, they are New Zealand subjects, although not strictly New Zealand citizens, and thus do not have an automatic
right of abode in New Zealand.
The current New Zealand Royal Family are members of the
House of Windsor. Though the
New Zealand Crown is recognised as legally separate from the
UK Crown, the two countries (along with the sixteen other
Commonwealth Realms) are in a
personal union relationship, meaning they share the same Monarchy. Thus all the members of the New Zealand Royal Family also comprise the
British Royal Family.
Awards
Aside from awards which are personal gifts of the Sovereign, members of the Royal Family are commonly awarded
New Zealand honours on a substantive, though sometimes additional (e.g. above the statutory limit) basis (e.g., Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother was an additional, not honorary, member of the Order of New Zealand, and various members of the Royal Family are substantive companions of the Queen's Service Order), reflecting the fact that, in theory, all the Queen's subjects, not just New Zealand citizens, are eligible for New Zealand honours:
History
Monarchy in New Zealand dates back to the first half of the
nineteenth century.
After
Captain Cook's exploration of New Zealand in the late
eighteenth century, an increasing number of European settlers came to New Zealand. In
1833, with growing lawlessness amongst traders and settlers, the
British government appointed
James Busby as
British Resident to protect British trading interests.
Despite Busby's presence, trouble increased. In
1840, the British Government sent
Captain William Hobson to New Zealand as
Lieutenant Governor, to acquire the
sovereignty of New Zealand, by way of a treaty with the native
Māori chiefs.
The
Treaty of Waitangi was signed on
6 February 1840, at
Waitangi in the
Bay of Islands. Over five hundred Māori chiefs signed the treaty as it was taken around the country during the next eight months.
Following the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, the islands of New Zealand became a
British colony.
In
1907, New Zealand achieved the status of
Dominion, which meant it was a country of the
British Empire and later the
Commonwealth of Nations, with autonomy in domestic and foreign affairs. The term fell into disuse after the
Second World War.
In
1917, letters patent of
George V set out the powers, duties and responsibilities of the Governor-General (as the Sovereign's representative) and the Executive Council.
In
1926, the
Balfour Declaration at the Imperial Conference in London confirmed the status of New Zealand, along with that of
Australia, the
Irish Free State,
Canada,
South Africa and
Newfoundland, as self-governing Dominions under the
British Crown.
The
Statute of Westminster in 1931, an act of the British Parliament, gave legal form to this declaration. It gave New Zealand and other Dominions the authority to make their own laws. New Zealand ratified the Statute in
1947, after the passing of the
Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947
The Royal Titles Act
1953 first introduced a New Zealand royal title for use by the Queen, and the Royal Titles Act
1974 altering the style borne by the Queen in New Zealand.
A
personal flag for use by the Queen in New Zealand was adopted in 1962. It features the shield design of the
New Zealand coat of arms in the form of an oblong or square. Superimposed in the centre is a dark blue roundel bearing an initial E surmounted by a Royal crown within a gold chaplet of roses.
More recently, the
Constitution Act 1986 has become the principal formal statement of New Zealand's constitution. This Act recognises that the Queen, the Sovereign in right of New Zealand, is the Head of State of New Zealand and that the Governor-General appointed by her is her representative. Each can, in general, exercise all the powers of the other. However the appointment of the governor-general is only done by the Queen, on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Monarchs of New Zealand
A list of monarchs of
New Zealand:
Debate
Main articles: Republicanism in New Zealand
Unlike in
Australia, where
republican sentiment has been stronger, there is little agitation for ending the role of the monarchy in New Zealand. There was some reduction in support for the monarchy during the 1990s.
None of the major
political parties currently in
Parliament have a stated policy of creating a republic, although some
Members of Parliament have publicly expressed their opposition to New Zealand remaining a monarchy. The current
Prime Minister of New Zealand,
Helen Clark, opined that New Zealand will become a republic eventually.
The New Zealand public is still in favour of the retention of the monarchy, with recent polls showing it to have between 50 and 60% support.
[17] The polls indicate that while many New Zealanders see the Monarchy as being of little day-to-day relevance, the institution still enjoys the support of many New Zealanders, particularly older ones (those born before the
Second World War). With the popularity of the current Monarch, and the position of the
Treaty of Waitangi under a republic remaining a concern to many
Māori and other New Zealanders alike, as well as the question of what constitutional form a republic might take unresolved, support for becoming a republic is still the view of only around a third of the population.
[18]
New Zealand has two special-interest groups representing both sides of the debate, who argue the issue in the media from time to time: The
Monarchist League of New Zealand and
Republican Movement of Aotearoa New Zealand.
New Zealand organisations with Royal Patronage
To receive Royal Patronage, an organisation must prove to be long lasting, and to be of the highest standard in their field. These organisations such as the
Royal New Zealand Returned and Services’ Association, have received patronage from various monarchs and their families.
See also
Other realms
★
Monarchy in Australia
★
Monarchy in Canada
★
Monarchy in the United Kingdom
★
Monarchy in Jamaica
New Zealand
★
Governor General of New Zealand
★
Māori King Movement
★
New Zealand honours system
★
Monarchy in the Cook Islands
Other
★
Prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II
★
List of Commonwealth visits made by Queen Elizabeth II
★
Dominion
★
Commonwealth realm
External links
★
Buckingham Palace website, main page of section deovted to the Queen's constitutional role, symbols, visits and photos in New Zealand
★
Evolution of the New Zealand Monarchy by Noel Cox published in ''Monarchy'' magazine.
★
The Monarchist League of New Zealand
★
The Republican Movement of Aotearoa New Zealand
★
Royal visit to NZ in 1953-54
Footnotes
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