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The 'molluscs' (British spelling) or 'mollusks' (American spelling) are members of the very large and diverse phylum 'Mollusca', which includes a wide variety of animals that are well-known for their decorative shells or as seafood. There are some 112,000 species within this phylum.^[1] The scientific study of molluscs is called 'malacology'.
Molluscs range from minute snails and clams to larger organisms such as squid, cuttlefish and octopus, which are among the most neurologically-advanced invertebrates^[2].
The vast majority of molluscs live in marine environments, and are found intertidally, in the shallow subtidal and on the continental shelf, although some species do live in the abyssal depths of the oceans around hot vents. Not all mollusks are marine: two groups, the bivalves and the gastropods, also contain freshwater species. Only the gastropods have representatives that live on land: the land snails and slugs.

Contents

Anatomy

Classification

Dangerous mollusca

See also

References

General references

External links

Anatomy

Molluscs are triploblastic protostomes and many demonstrate bilateral symmetry. The principal body cavity is a blood-filled hemocoel. They have a true coelom (eucoelom); any coelomic cavities have been reduced to vestiges around the hearts, gonads, and metanephridia (kidney-like organs). The body is often divided into a head, with eyes or tentacles, a muscular foot, and a visceral mass housing the organs.

Molluscs have a mantle, which is a fold of the outer skin lining the shell, and a muscular foot that in most species is used for locomotion. In most molluscs the mantle secretes a calcium carbonate external shell. In the majority of marine mollusks the gill or gills absorbs oxygen from the water.
All species of the phylum Mollusca have a complete digestive tract that starts from the mouth and runs to the anus. Many have a feeding structure, the radula, mostly composed of chitin. This radula is a feature only found in molluscs. Radulae are very diverse within the Mollusca, ranging from structures used to scrape algae off rocks, to the harpoon-like structures of cone snails. Cephalopods (squid, octopuses, cuttlefish) also possess a chitinous beak. Unlike the closely related annelids, molluscs lack body segmentation.
Development passes through one or two trochophore stages, one of which, (the veliger), is unique to the group. These larval stages suggest a close relationship between the molluscs and various other protostomes, notably the Annelids.
Molluscs, because of their shells, have left an excellent fossil record, and are found from the Cambrian onwards. The oldest fossil species seems to be ''Odontogriphus omalus'', found in the Burgess Shale. It lived about 500 million years ago.
The giant squid, which until recently had not been observed alive in its adult form,^[3] is one of the largest invertebrates; however the colossal squid is even larger.

Classification

					Caudofoveata (?)
					Aplacophora
hypothetical					Polyplacophora
ancestral					Monoplacophora
mollusc					Gastropoda
					Cephalopoda
					Bivalvia
					Scaphopoda

There are ten classes of molluscs, eight are still living, the others are known only from fossils. These classes make up the 250,000 and more species of mollusc:

★ Class Caudofoveata (deep-sea wormlike creatures; 70 known species); now generally recognized as a subclass of Aplacophora.

★ Class Aplacophora (solenogasters, deep-sea wormlike creatures; 250 species)

★ Class Polyplacophora (chitons; 600 species, rocky marine shorelines)

★ Class Monoplacophora (deep-sea limpet-like creatures; 11 living species)

★ Class Bivalvia (also Pelecypoda) (clams, oysters, scallops, mussels; 8,000 species)

★ Class Scaphopoda (tusk shells; 350 species, all marine)

★ Class Gastropoda (sea snails with shells, such as abalone, limpets, conch, etc, and marine snails without a shell or with a reduced shell, such as nudibranchs, sea hares; sea angel, sea butterfly, sea lemon etc; land snails and slugs, freshwater snails, total estimated at 40,000 - 150,000 species)

★ Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopodes, nautilus, cuttlefish; 786 species, all marine)

★ Class † Rostroconchia (fossils; probably more than 1,000 species; probable ancestors of bivalves)

★ Class † Helcionelloida (fossils; snail-like creatures such as ''Latouchella'')
Main article: ''Evolution of Mollusca''
Brusca & Brusca (1990) suggest that the bivalves and scaphopods are sister groups, as are the gastropods and cephalopods, so indicated in the relationship diagram above.
In this phylum's level of organization, organ systems from all three primary germ layers can be found:
# Nervous System (with brain).
# Excretory System (nephridium or nephridia).
# Circulatory System (open circulatory system - except cephalopods which are closed).
# Respiratory System (gills or lungs).
All major molluscan groups possess a skeleton, though it has been lost evolutionarily in some members of the phylum. It is probable that the pre-Cambrian ancestor of the molluscs had calcium carbonate spicules embedded in its mantle and outer tissues, as is the case in some modern members. The skeleton, if present, is primarily external and composed of calcium carbonate (aragonite or calcite). The snail or gastropod shell is perhaps the best known molluscan shell, but many pulmonate and opisthobranch snails have secondarily reduced and internalized shells, or have lost the shell completely. The bivalve or clam shell consists of two pieces (valves), articulated by muscles and an elastic hinge. The cephalopod shell was ancestrally external and chambered, as exemplified by the ammonoids and nautiloids, and still possessed by ''Nautilus'' today. Other cephalopods, such as cuttlefish, have internalized the shell, the squid have mostly organic chitinous internal shells, and the octopods have lost the shell altogether.

Dangerous mollusca

A small minority of molluscs represent a serious risk to humans under certain circumstances; a few octopus species have a very poisonous bite, and a few large cone snail species have a very dangerous sting.
Some people are severely allergic to shellfish, but even for people without these allergies, clams can sometimes be risky to eat: when there is a "red tide", or other blooms of noxious plankton, bivalves such as clams and mussels can become poisonous; because they are filter-feeders they concentrate floating microorganisms within their tissues.
Despite its name, the disease molluscum contagiosum is caused by a virus and is not connected with molluscs in any way.

See also

★ Important publications on molluscs

References

1. Feldkamp, S. (2002) ''Modern Biology''. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, USA. (pp. 725)
2. Barnes, R. D. (1987) ''Invertebrate Zoology (Fifth Edition)'', Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, USA. (pg. 456)
3. Kubodera, T. & Mori, K. (2005) ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' '272' (1581), 2583-2586.

General references

★ Invertebrates, Brusca & Brusca, , , Sinauer Associates, 1990,

★ Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, Starr & Taggart, , , Thomson Learning, 2002,

★ Nunn, J.D., Smith, S.M., Picton, B.E. and McGrath, D. 202. ''Checklst, atlas of distribution and bibliography for the marine mollusca of Ireland.'' in. Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters. Ulster Museum. publication no. 8.

External links

★ Conchology, Inc, Section Cyberconchology - 210,000 mollusca pictures.

★ Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods

★ Molluscs in captivity