'Mobile' ()
(pronunciation) is the third most populous city in the
U.S. state of
Alabama[1] and is the
county seat of
Mobile County. The population of the city was 192,830 according to the 2006 estimate.
[ It is the principal city of the Mobile Metropolitan Area (MSA), which has a July 1, 2006 census estimated population of 404,157. Mobile is a part of the Mobile-Daphne-Fairhope Combined Statistical Area (CSA) which has a population 588,246 as of the 2006 census estimates.]
The city's name is derived from the presence of the Mobile (Mauvile or Maubila) Indians in the area at the time of founding. [2] Mobile is the only saltwater port in Alabama. Located along the northwest shore of Mobile Bay, the city began as the first capital of colonial French Louisiana in 1702. Over the past 300 years, Mobile has officially flown six flags, including France, Britain, Spain, the Republic of Alabama (1861), the Confederacy, and the United States. [3]
History
The settlement of Mobile, then called by the French name "Fort Louis de la Mobile", was first established in 1702, at Twenty-seven Mile Bluff on the Mobile River, as the first capital of the French colony of Louisiana. Following a series of floods, the town was relocated downriver to its present location near the head of Mobile Bay in 1711, with another wooden ''Fort Louis''.
"Other Locations: Historic Fort Conde" (history),
Museum of Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, 2006, webpage:
MoM-Other.
The capital of the Louisiana Territory was moved to Biloxi in 1720 and to New Orleans in 1723,
[4]
and Mobile was relegated to the role of frontier town and trading post.
In 1723, construction of a new brick fort with a stone foundation began, and was renamed as Fort Condé in honor of King Louis XIV’s brother.
In 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the French and Indian War. The treaty ceded Mobile to Great Britain, and under British rule the colony flourished. The British renamed the city Fort Charlotte, after the English Queen, and re-energized the port. Major exports included timber, naval stores, indigo, hides, rice, pecans and cattle.
The immediate British enforcement of race codes threw the denizens of the French-derived culture into chaos. The French Creole world was noted for its laissez-faire attitude to racial matters, and the stringent English codes chased some of Mobile's Creole residents westward into Louisiana.
The Spanish captured the port town in 1780, during the American Revolutionary War. The fort was renamed as Fortaleza Carlota, and the Spanish held Mobile until 1813, when it was captured by the American General Wilkinson. By then, it was the second largest seaport on the Gulf Coast.
From the middle of the 19th century to the start of the 20th century, Mobile expanded into a cosmopolitan city of commerce maintaining its culture. The Cotton Boom and Mobile being one of the busiest ports in the United States brought the city recognition throughout the world.
During the American Civil War, Mobile was a confederate city and in 1864 surrendered to the Union army to avoid destruction after defending its port for a year. Ironically though, a year later, in 1865, the city suffered loss when some three hundred people died in an explosion at an ammunitions plant, which also destroyed a large portion of the city.
After the war, the city revived and became a shipbuilding port churning out vessels for the military. One of the first submarines was built in Mobile. World War II led to a massive military effort causing a considerable increase in Mobile's population, largely due to the building of Army, Air Force and Naval bases. By 1956, Mobile's metropolitan area tripled in growth.
The 1960s brought about post war changes in Mobile's economy. Instead of shipbuilding, the paper industry began to flourish and military bases were converted to civilian uses. Mobile's seafood industry, notable for Mobile Bay oysters rose and fell in the last quarter of the twentieth century; leaving behind a few shrimpers hanging on to a uncertain future.
In reference to Mobile's seafood industry, Mobile's eastern portion of the bay experiences a unique phenomenon called the Jubilee. In the middle of warm nights, an upsurge from the bottom of the bay brings a variety of seafood delicacies. News quickly spread of this phenomena and brought about spur-of-the moment fishing parties known as the Jubilee. This phenomenon happens in Japan as well, and is thought to be caused by low oxygen levels in the water.
Geography
Topography
Mobile is located at 30°40'46" North, 88°6'12" West (30.679523, -88.103280). According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 412.9 km² (159.4 mi²). 305.4 km² (117.9 mi²) of it is land and 107.6 km² (41.5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 26.05% water.
Climate
| Monthly Normal and Record High/Low Temperatures & Precipitation |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rec High °F | 84 | 82 | 90 | 94 | 100 | 102 | 104 | 105 | 99 | 93 | 87 | 81 |
|---|
| Norm High °F | 60.7 | 64.5 | 71.2 | 77.4 | 84.2 | 89.4 | 91.2 | 90.8 | 86.8 | 79.2 | 70.1 | 62.9 |
|---|
| Norm Low °F | 39.5 | 42.4 | 49.2 | 54.8 | 62.8 | 69.2 | 71.8 | 71.7 | 67.6 | 56.3 | 47.8 | 41.6 |
|---|
| Rec Low °F | 3 | 11 | 21 | 32 | 43 | 49 | 60 | 59 | 42 | 30 | 22 | 8 |
|---|
Precipitation
(inches) | 5.75 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 5.06 | 6.1 | 5.01 | 6.54 | 6.2 | 6.01 | 3.25 | 5.41 | 4.66 |
|---|
Precipitation
(mm) | 146 | 130 | 183 | 130 | 155 | 130 | 166 | 157 | 153 | 83 | 137 | 118 |
|---|
| ''Source: USTravelWeather.com [1]'' |
Mobile's geographical location on the Gulf of Mexico provides a mild subtropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 67.5 degrees. January through December temperatures range from 40 degrees min and 91 degrees max. The average annual precipitation of 66.29 inches benefits the lush vegetation of the region and makes Mobile the rainiest city in the contiguous United States (Ketchikan, Alaska ranks higher at nearly 100 inches per year).
The National Climatic Data Center lists Annette Island station at over 100 inches of annual precipitation.[5][6] Mobile has warm summers with Gulf breezes and mild, wet winters. Being on the Gulf, Mobile is occasionally affected by major tropical storms and hurricanes.[7] A 2007 study by WeatherBill, Inc. determined that Mobile is the wettest city in the United States, with more than 5 feet of rainfall annually. [8] Snow is rare in Mobile.
Hurricanes
Mobile suffered its worst natural disaster on September 12, 1979 when Category 3 hurricane Hurricane Frederic slammed into the heart of the city. The storm caused tremendous damage to nearby Dauphin Island and Gulf Shores. The city took over 5 years to fully recover from the devastating hurricane.
On September 16, 2004, Mobile received a glancing blow from Category 3 Hurricane Ivan which made landfall in Gulf Shores, Alabama about 30 miles away. Mobile was caught in Ivan's western eye and the destruction was eerily similar to 1979's Frederic. Maximum winds were observed at Battleship Park at 105 miles per hour. The recording equipment then stopped working. The city received 8 inches of rain in the 48 hours of Ivan's approach and passage.[ " Powerful Hurricane Ivan Slams the IS Central Gulf Coast as an Upper Category-3 Storm" ]
In August of 2005, Mobile received another glancing blow from Hurricane Katrina. A storm surge of 11.45 feet devastated eastern parts of Mobile. The surge may have been the highest recorded in Mobile in over 85 years.[ "Extremely Powerful Hurricane Katrina leave a Historic Mark on the Gulf Coast ]
Mobile has also suffered damage from hurricanes: Camille, Elena, Georges, Erin, Opal, Florence, Cindy and Danny.
Demographics
Mobile is the center of Alabama's second-largest metropolitan area, which consists of all of Mobile county. Metropolitan Mobile (MSA) had a population of approximately 429,622 as of 2006 census estimates. Mobile is a part of the Mobile - Daphne - Fairhope Combined statistical area(CSA) which had a population of 588,246 according to 2006 estimates. The population of the Mobile - Fairhope - Bay Minette Combined statistical area includes the counties and populations of Mobile (Mobile) and Baldwin (Fairhope and Bay Minette). Mobile County saw substantial population growth of nearly 24,000 people after Hurricane Katrina devastated Louisiana and Mississippi in September 2005.
As of the census of 2000, there were 210,915 people, 78,480 households, and 60,000 families residing in the city. The population density was 651.4/km² (1,687.1/mi²). There were 86,187 housing units at an average density of 282.2/km² (731.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 50.40% White, 46.29% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 1.52% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. 1.42% of the population were Latino.
There were 85,000 households out of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.5% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the city the population is spread out with 26.5% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,445, and the median income for a family was $39,752. Males had a median income of $31,629 versus $22,051 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,072. 21.2% of the population and 17.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 31.4% of those under the age of 18 and 14.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Law and government
The government of Mobile consists of a Mayor and a seven member City Council, operating on a weak Mayor/strong Council format. Municipal Elections are held every 4 years. The current Mayor, Sam Jones was elected in September of 2005 and is the first black mayor of Mobile. [2007, he became a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[9] an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino. Prior to his election as Mayor, Jones served on the Mobile County Commission. He is a graduate of Jacksonville University and a former U.S. Navy officer. Jones is serving his first term as mayor and is also on the Board of Trustees of the University of South Alabama. [10]]
Economy
Aerial view of the port of Mobile
Over the past 5 years, Mobile is undergoing its greatest economic expansion in history. With numerous local, national, and even international companies funneling over $9 billion into the city. Bringing its GMP to 22 Billion and has the potential getting as high as over 200 Billion making Mobile one of the top 10 Most Prosperus cities in the U.S. Mobile has seen job growth of nearly 22% in just the past 5 years with projections of an additional increase of more than 32% in the next 3 years, mainly due in part of the ThyssenKrupp steel plant and state dock expansions. Mobile has seen its average wages surge over 30% since January 2004 mainly due in part to the Katrina disaster in late 2005 which forced employers to increase wages to remain competitive. Mobile's unemployment rate is 5.1% and has been rapidly free falling for 2 years straight. Due to the numerous new industries coming online in Mobile over the next three to five years, Mobile is projected to have an unemployment rate of less than 2.0% by the 4th quarter of 2010.
Homebuilding in Mobile increased over 15% from 2005 to 2007, and while it began to level off in early 2007, due to the ThyssenKrupp announcement, new home construction is projected to once again reach double digit increases by the end of 2007.
Mobile's Alabama State Docks is currently undergoing the largest expansion in its history by expanding its container processing and storage facility and increasing container storage at the docks by over 1,000%. [11] Mobile is also in the race to become home to the nations largest military contract in history, a $200+ Billion air force tanker project which would generate over 5,000 high paying jobs in Mobile, pushing the city to very front of becoming the nations most prosperous city. The rapidly growing auto industry in Alabama has resulted in over 2,800 new jobs created in Mobile.
Since the Katrina disaster, Mobile has seen a housing boom of more than 3,500 new homes built in only the past 20 months, exceeding even the post World War II boom of the late 1940s.
Since 1852, the Battle House hotel has been a fixture of the Mobile landscape. Although the original hotel was destroyed in a fire in 1905, it was rebuilt and has remained a Mobile area landmark. It was the location of President Woodrow Wilson's famous speech in 1913 where he declared that the US would never again fight in a foreign war of aggression. In 1974, the hotel went vacant, as much of downtown was doing at the time.
In 2001, the Mobile City Council approved a deal with the Retirement Systems of Alabama for a complete restoration of the historic hotel, as well as construction of the Battle House Tower, a 35-story, 745-foot (227 m) tall skyscraper which is the tallest building in Alabama. [12]
In 2007, German steel manufacturer ThyssenKrupp announced plans for a $4.2 billion steel mill. The new plant will be built north of the city in Mount Vernon, Alabama. Officials say 29,000 people will be employed during construction and an additional 2,700 permanent jobs will be added. [13]
The Battle House Project is the crowning achievement of the "String of Pearls" initiative undertaken by the administration of former Mayor Mike Dow (1989-2005), which saw the construction of the Arthur Outlaw Convention Center and the Cruise Ship Terminal, the approval of the soon to be constructed Maritime Museum of the Gulf of Mexico, and the complete rebirth of Dauphin Street, Mobile's historic commercial corridor.
Other projects in the works include a number of high-rise condominium towers on Water Street in the heart of the downtown waterfront, as well as the construction of a historic Mardi Gras themed city park in downtown and a brand new state of the art federal courthouse. Large commercial ventures are in the works for the metropolitan area.
Arts & Entertainment
Mobile's art and history museums include the Mobile Museum of Art, Oakleigh Historic Complex displaying historic buildings and homes, Museum of Mobile, Battleship Memorial Park which includes an aircraft pavilion and the USS Drum (SS-228) submarine. The Dauphin Island Sea Lab is located south of the city near the mouth of Mobile Bay. The Magee Farm and Home site is a must for those interested in American Civil War history. The Bragg-Mitchell House is an integral part of local history. The Conde-Charlotte House is another historical home. Other unique museums include Mobile Medical Museum, Phoenix Fire Museum, Mobile Police Museum, St. Ignatius Archives and Museum. [14] The city hosts a 60-year old Opera company which averages about 1,200 in attendance through the year. The Mobile Opera also supports the Rose Palmai-Tenser Scholarship Competition which is held in late May. [15]
Mobile is host to such national events as the Senior Bowl football game (January), the Senior Bowl 10K, which is the national 10K road race championship, the Azalea Trail Run 10K race (March) and the America's Junior Miss Pageant (June). [16]
The city is home port for Carnival Cruise Lines' ''MS Holiday'' cruise ship which sails on four and five day itineraries through the Western Caribbean.
Culture
Mobile has cultural offerings for many tastes. The Gulf Coast Exploreum offers exhibitions on a variety of topics. Coupled with the IMAX theater the downtown location served thousands during the 2007 exhibition of "A Day in Pompeii." Officials say visitors have been recorded from 48 states and several international destinations. The Exploreum may see attendance top 127,000 which was the figure hit by the "China!" exhibit in 2002. [17]
The Mobile Carnival Museum, which houses the city's Mardi Gras history and memorabilia, is designed to document the variety of floats and displays seen during the festival season [18]
The National African American Archives is located in the former Davis Avenue branch of the Mobile Public Library. That facility served as "the only library for Negroes from 1932 until the mid-1960s." [19].
The historic Saenger Theatre of Mobile was opened in 1927 as part of a chain of theaters across the nation. The building is designed similar to European opera houses. The interior was designed in a Greek mythology style with thought given to Mobile's coastal location [20]
Other cultural sites include the Mobile Arts Council, the Mobile Opera, Mobile Symphony, and the Mobile Ballet. [21]
In 2007, the historic Battle House was reopened in Mobile after falling into disuse for over 30 years. The hotel, built in 1908, is part of a project overseen by the Retirement Systems of Alabama which included construction of the RSA Tower, now the tallest building in Alabama at 745 ft (227 m).[22] The Battle House, located in the downtown section of Mobile features suites up to $1,500 per night. [23] [23]
Mardi Gras
:''Main articles: Mardi Gras and Mardi Gras in Mobile.''
Mobile claims to have celebrated Mardi Gras first in 1703 when settlers first began the festivities at the Old Mobile Site. It is also known as a family-friendly celebration especially in contrast to the celebration in New Orleans.[25] According to organizers, this celebration lasts for nearly two weeks and culminates on Fat Tuesday, the day before Lent. Mardi Gras, they say, must be experienced to be fully understood and Mobile is the perfect place. [26]
Media
The ''Press-Register'' of Mobile is Alabama's oldest active newspaper, dating back to 1813;
"Newhouse News Service - The Press-Register" (description),
Newhouse News Service, 2007, webpage:
NH-Register.
Mobile's alternative newspaper is the ''Lagniappe''.
The Mobile area is served by ''Mobile Bay Monthly'' magazine.
Mobile is served locally by WPMI (NBC), WKRG (CBS), and WALA (FOX) television stations. The regional area is also served by WEAR (ABC) based in Pensacola, Florida. WJTC, also known as UTV 44, is an independent station serving Mobile and Pensacola.
The Mobile area is served by 12 FM radio stations, including independently owned AAA station WZEW (92/The ZEW) for listeners of delta blues alternative jam & mainstream, FM sports station WNSP (Sports Radio 105.5), country stations WKSJ (95KSJ) and WYOK (KICKS 104.1), adult contemporary WMXC (Lite Mix 99.9), classical music station WHIL, classic rock WRKH (96.1 The Rocket), and Top-40 WABB. Both WBLX and WDLT serve the area's African-American community. Notable AM radio stations include news/talk WNTM and gospel WGOK.
Some of the local radio stations streaming on the Internet include WMXC, WZEW, WKSJ, and WRKH. Meanwhile, many local radio stations have begun HD broadcasts. As of June 2007, three HD stations have also added HD-2 programming (a separate program available on a sub-channel to the main station). The formats for these stations are: Smooth Jazz on WMXC-HD2 (99.9-2), Classic Country on WKSJ-HD2 (94.9-2), and a Top-40 format featuring brand-new music at WRKH-HD2 (96.1-2). Programming for the HD-2 stations is currently provided by Format Lab. Consumers must have an HD radio to receive any station's HD or HD-2 broadcasts.
Popular culture
Mobile is the subject or location for several films, songs and books including Under Siege (filmed on the USS Alabama), Steven Spielberg's Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Jimmy Buffett's "Stars fell on Alabama" and Richard Bradford's novel Red Sky at Morning. Bob Dylan recorded his song "Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again" for the album Blonde on Blonde in 1966.
Maurice Richards (born September 2, 1983 in Mobile, Alabama), best known by the stage name Rich Boy is an American rapper. He is famous for his debut single "Throw Some D's". His debut album Rich Boy was released in early 2007.
Sports
Mobile is the home of Ladd-Peebles Stadium. The football stadium opened in 1948 with Alabama and Vanderbilt battling to a 14-14 tie. With a capacity of 40,646, Ladd-Peebles Stadium is the 4th largest stadium in the state. [27]
Ladd-Peebles Stadium has been home to the Senior Bowl since 1951, featuring the best college seniors in NCAA football.[28] The GMAC Bowl has been played since 1999 featuring opponents from the Mid-American Conference and Conference USA.[29] Since 1988, Ladd-Peebles Stadium has hosted the Alabama-Mississippi All-Star Classic. The top graduating high school seniors from their respective states compete each June. [30]
For golfers, Magnolia Grove, part of the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, has some of the best courses to play. There are 36 holes, The Crossings and The Falls, of championship golf and an 18-hole short course, which was recently named the best par 3 course in America. [31]
Since 1999, the LPGA Tournament of Champions has been played annually at Magnolia Grove. The Crossings course is home of this Tournament. According to Golf Digest, Mobile is a top ten golf area that offers year-round golfing.
Mobile is also home to the Azalea Trail Run, which races through historic midtown and downtown Mobile. This 10k run has been an annual event since 1978.[32] The Azalea Trail Run is one of the premier 10k road races in the U.S., attracting runners from all over the world. [33]
''Mobile'' is hometown to five baseball Hall of Fame members (Hank Aaron, Billy Williams, Willie McCovey, Satchel Paige, Ozzie Smith) and rates as the third city with the most players honored in Cooperstown, New York, home of the Hall of Fame. Only New York City and Chicago lead Mobile in this distinction. [34] Mobile carries a distinction for churning out baseball players from its local colleges as well. Major League players such as Luis Gonzalez,Juan Pierre, Jon Lieber, Marlon Anderson, J.C. Romero, Jake Peavy, and many others have played in Mobile as collegiate athletes.
Mobile is home to the #1 pick in the 2007 National Football League Draft, Jamarcus Russell.
Historic District
Notable residents
★ Hank Aaron, former home-run king, born in Mobile
★ Terry Adams, Major League Baseball player, born in Mobile
★ Billy Bang, jazz violinist and composer, born in Mobile
★ Gregory Benford, novelist, born in Mobile
★ Jimmy Buffett, singer-songwriter, grew up in Mobile
★ Truman Capote, as a child, came into Mobile on Saturdays
★ Franklin Daugherty, author
★ Ben Erickson, author and award-winning furniture-maker
★ James Reese Europe, conductor-composer, born in Mobile
★ Billy Francis, keyboardist of Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show
★ Frye Gaillard, Emmy-nominated videographer and author of 16 books, born in Mobile
★ Winston Groom. novelist, grew up in Mobile
★ Melinda Haynes, novelist whose debut novel was an Oprah selection
★ Roy Hoffman, novelist
★ Hardcore Holly, professional wrestler with World Wrestling Entertainment
★ Norman Jetmundsen, novelist (''Soulbane'' series), born in Mobile
★ Orlando Jones, actor-writer, born in Mobile
★ Marian Acker MacPherson, artist
★ William March, novelist, born in Mobile
★ Willie McCovey, Baseball Hall of Fame, born in Mobile
★ William P. McGivern, novelist, grew up in Mobile
★ Allison Moorer, Oscar-nominated songwriter, born in Mobile
★ Fayard Nicholas, half of the famed Nicholas Brothers tap-dancing team, was born in Mobile
★ Satchel Paige, baseball pitcher and actor, born in Mobile
★ Jake Peavy, Major League Baseball pitcher, currently with the San Diego Padres, born in Mobile
★ Juan Pierre, Major League Baseball player, currently with the L.A. Dodgers, born in Mobile
★ Rich Boy, rapper, born in Mobile
★ Michelle Richmond, novelist, grew up in Mobile
★ Ray Sawyer, lead vocalist with Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show
★ Ozzie Smith, Baseball Hall of Fame, born in Mobile
★ Ward Swingle, vocalist, born in Mobile
★ Eugene Walter, actor (in Fellini films) and author (''Milking the Moon''), born in Mobile
★ Madame Octavia Walton Le Vert, travel writer
★ Billy Williams, Baseball Hall of Fame
Transportation
Local airline passengers are served by three airports - Mobile Regional, Gulfport-Biloxi International and Pensacola Regional. Additionally, the Mobile Downtown Airport serves corporate, cargo and private cargo aircraft and is home to major aeronautical maintenance, overhaul and repair facilities.
The city also has a remarkable highway network. Highways linking Mobile to the rest of the country include Interstate 10, Interstate 65, Interstate 165, US 31, US 43, US 45, US 90 and US 98. Mobile has three routes over the Mobile River and into neighboring Baldwin County, Alabama. Interstate 10 travels through the George Wallace Tunnel while the Bankhead Tunnel provides transit via US 98. The Cochrane-Africatown USA Bridge is the third route and carries traffic via US 90 and serves as the alternate truck and hazardous waste route for US 98.
Mobile is also served by the Wave Transit Bus System. Also, Mobile has several taxi services which can be called or generally picked up in the downtown area.
Education
Public schools in Mobile are operated by the Mobile County Public School System. The Mobile school system recently finished a $175 million new construction project in 2005, the largest such school construction project for any city in Alabama's history.
The State of Alabama operates the Alabama School of Mathematics and Science, which boards advanced Alabama high school students.
In addition to the public school system, there are also a large number of private institutions, most of them belonging to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile, most notably, McGill-Toolen Catholic High, as well as private college preparatory schools, including St. Paul's Episcopal School,UMS-Wright Preparatory School, Mobile Christian School, Faith Academy and Cottage Hill Christian Academy.
The Mobile Public Library system serves Mobile and consists of eight branches across Mobile County.
Mobile is home to the University of South Alabama, Bishop State Community College, Spring Hill College and the University of Mobile.
Awards
★ 1995 All-America City [35]
★ 2005 Preserve America City [36]
Surrounding cities and suburbs
Sister cities
★ Havana, Cuba [37]
★ Pau, France [38]
★ Worms, Germany
★ Ichihara, Japan
★ Veracruz, Mexico
★ Gianjin, PRC
★ Katowice, Poland |
★ Constanţa, Romania
★ Rostov-on-Don, Russia
★ Košice, Slovakia
★ King Shaka, South Africa
★ Pyongtaek, South Korea
★ Málaga, Spain |
See also
★ History of Mobile
★ Mardi Gras in Mobile
★ Old Mobile Site
References
★ on metropolitan statistical areas and Mobile MSA
★ Michael W. Fitzgerald. ''Urban Emancipation: Popular Politics in Reconstruction Mobile, 1860–1890''. (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2002. 301 pp. ISBN 0-8071-2837-6.)
1. ''USA: Alabama''
2. ''Local History Information and Links''
3. U.S. History, Retrieved May 5, 2007
4. ''History of the Area''
5. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ak/500352.pdf
6. Weatherbill Incorporated, 2007
7. ''Mobile's Climate''
8. Thompsen, Andrea (May 22, 2007) "Study Reveals Top 10 Wettest U.S. Cities."
9. Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members
10. "Mayor Samuel L. Jones"
11.
12. Jumper, Kathy, ''Massive undertaking required several contractors to finish Massive undertaking a multi-contractor job'', Mobile Register, May 6, 2007, page L10
13. ''Mobile County Wins ThyssenKrupp Plant,'' Press Register, 11-May 2007
14. ''Arts & History''
15. ''Setting the Stage: Mobile Opera offers a three show season for 2007-08''
16. ''Culture''
17. Harrison, Thomas, ''"Pompeii Hits Milestone with Weeks to Go"'', Press Register, Mobile Alabama: March 18, 2007
18. Andrews, Casandra, ''"Master of make-Believe"'', Press Register, Mobile, Alabama: January 28, 2007
19. National African American Archives, Retrieved May 5, 2007
20. Mobile Saenger Theater History, Retrieved May 5, 2007
21. ''Cultural''
22. ''RSA Battle House Tower''
23.
24.
25. Mobile; It Has History Susan Houston
26. ''Mardi Gras''
27. ''Ladd-Peebles Stadium''
28. ''The Senior Bowl''
29. ''Game Recaps''
30. ''History of the Alabama-Mississippi All-Star Classic''
31. ''Magnolia Grove''
32. ''Event Calendar''
33. ''Azalea Trail Run''
34. ''Mobile's Baseball History''
35. ''Past Winners of the All-America City Award''
36. ''Past Winners of the All-America City Award''
37. ''Online Directory: Alabama, USA''
38. ''Regional Overview''
External links
★ City of Mobile
★ Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce
★ [2]
★ Mobile Regional Airport
★ Biloxi-Gulfport Intl Airport
★ Pensacola Regional Airport
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