'Mitral valve prolapse' ('MVP') is a
valvular heart disease characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thickened
mitral valve leaflet into the
left atrium during
systole. In its nonclassic form, MVP carries a low risk of complications. In severe cases of classic MVP, complications include
mitral regurgitation,
infective endocarditis, and — in rare circumstances —
cardiac arrest usually resulting in sudden
death.
Overview
The
mitral valve, so named because of its resemblance to a
bishop's
miter, is the
heart valve that prevents the backflow of
blood from the left
ventricle into the left
atrium. It is composed of two leaflets (one anterior, one posterior) that close when the left ventricle contracts.
[1]
Each leaflet is composed of three layers of
tissue: the ''atrialis'', ''fibrosa'', and ''spongiosa''. Patients with classic mitral valve prolapse have excess
connective tissue that thickens the spongiosa and separates
collagen bundles in the fibrosa. This is due to an excess of
dermatan sulfate, a
glycosaminoglycan. This weakens the leaflets and adjacent tissue, resulting in increased leaflet area and elongation of the
chordae tendineae. Elongation of the chordae often causes rupture, and is commonly found in the chordae tendineae attached to the posterior leaflet. Advanced lesions — also commonly involving the posterior leaflet — lead to leaflet folding, inversion, and displacement toward the left atrium.
History
The term ''mitral valve prolapse'' was coined by
J. Michael Criley in 1966 and gained acceptance over the other descriptor of "billowing" of the mitral valve, as described by Dr. Barlow.
[2]
For many years, mitral valve prolapse was a poorly understood anomaly associated with a wide variety of both related and seemingly unrelated signs and symptoms, including late
systolic murmurs, inexplicable
panic attacks, and
polythelia (extra
nipples). Recent studies suggest that these symptoms were incorrectly linked to MVP because the disorder was simply over-diagnosed at the time. Continuously-evolving criteria for diagnosis of MVP with
echocardiography made proper diagnosis difficult, and hence many subjects without MVP were included in studies of the disorder and its prevalence. In fact, some modern studies report that as many as 55% of the population would be diagnosed with MVP if older, less reliable methods of MVP diagnosis—notably
M-mode echocardiography—were used today.
In recent years, new criteria have been proposed as an objective measure for diagnosis of MVP using more reliable two- and three-dimensional echocardiography. The disorder has also been classified into a number of subtypes with respect to these criteria.
Subtypes
Diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse is based on modern
echocardiographic techniques which can pinpoint abnormal leaflet thickening and other related pathology.
Prolapsed mitral valves are classified into several subtypes, based on leaflet thickness, concavity, and type of connection to the mitral annulus. Subtypes can be described as classic, nonclassic, symmetric, asymmetric, flail, or non-flail.
'Note: all measurements below refer to adult patients and applying them to children may be misleading.'
Classic versus nonclassic
Prolapse occurs when the mitral valve leaflets are displaced more than 2
mm above the
mitral annulus high points. The condition can be further divided into classic and nonclassic subtypes based on the thickness of the mitral valve leaflets: up to 5 mm is considered nonclassic, while anything beyond 5 mm is considered classic MVP.
Symmetric versus asymmetric
Classical prolapse may be subdivided into symmetric and asymmetric, referring to the point at which leaflet tips join the mitral annulus. In symmetric coaptation, leaflet tips meet at a common point on the annulus. Asymmetric coaptation is marked by one leaflet displaced toward the atrium with respect to the other. Patients with asymmetric prolapse are susceptible to severe deterioration of the mitral valve, with the possible rupture of the chordae tendineae and the development of a flail leaflet.
Flail versus non-flail
Asymmetric prolapse is further subdivided into flail and non-flail. Flail prolapse occurs when a leaflet tip turns outward, becoming concave toward the left atrium, causing the deterioration of the mitral valve. The severity of flail leaflet varies, ranging from tip eversion to chordal rupture. Dissociation of leaflet and chordae tendineae provides for unrestricted motion of the leaflet (hence "flail leaflet"). Thus patients with flail leaflets have a higher prevalence of
mitral regurgitation than those with the non-flail subtype.
Diagnosis
Echocardiography is the most useful method of diagnosing a prolapsed mitral valve. Two- and three-dimensional echocardiography are particularly valuable as they allow visualization of the mitral leaflets relative to the mitral annulus. This allows measurement of the leaflet thickness and their displacement relative to the annulus. Thickening of the mitral leaflets >5 mm and leaflet displacement >2 mm indicates classic mitral valve prolapse.
Prevalence
Prior to the strict criteria for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse, as described above, the incidence of mitral valve prolapse in the general population varied greatly. Some studies estimated the incidence of mitral valve prolapse at 5 to 15 percent or even higher.
[3]
As part of the
Framingham Heart Study, the prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in
Framingham, MA was estimated at 2.4%. There was a near-even split between classic and nonclassic MVP, with no significant age or sex discrimination.
[4] Based on data gathered in the United States, MVP is prevalent in 7% of autopsies.
Signs and symptoms
Some patients with MVP experience
heart palpitations,
atrial fibrillation, or
syncope, though the prevalence of these symptoms does not differ significantly from the general population. Between 11 and 15% of patients experience moderate
chest pain and
shortness of breath. These symptoms are most likely not caused directly by the prolapsing mitral valve, but rather by the mitral regurgitation that often results from prolapse.
For unknown reasons, MVP patients tend to have a low
body mass index (BMI) and are typically leaner than individuals without MVP.
4 MVP is a frequent occurrence in individuals with the
Marfan syndrome.
[5]
Auscultation
Upon
auscultation of an individual with mitral valve prolapse, a mid-systolic click, followed by a late systolic
murmur heard best at the apex is common.
Mitral valve prolapse syndrome
'Mitral valve prolapse syndrome' ('MVP Syndrome'), also referred to as 'mitral valve prolapse dysautonomia', is an imbalance of the
autonomic nervous system that appears to be associated with mitral valve prolapse. It is unclear what the underlying etiology is that causes both autonomic dysregulation and the structural abnormalities present in mitral valve prolapse.
Symptoms generally attributed to MVP syndrome include palpitations, shortness of breath, and
syncope. Because of the low specificity of these symptoms, and the fact that there is significant overlap in the causes of these symptoms with sequelae of significant mitral regurgitation often seen with mitral valve prolapse, MVP syndrome is often over-diagnosed.
[ Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) ] This is made more difficult because there is no consensus criteria to diagnose MVP syndrome.
Most patients who suffer from mitral valve prolapse syndrome will have
dysautonomia as the cause of their symptoms. In particular, supraventricular arrhythmias are associated with increased parasympathetic tone.
[6]
Complications
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse is frequently associated with mild
mitral regurgitation,
[7] where blood aberrantly flows from the left ventricle into the left atrium during
systole. Occasionally MVP patients experience severe regurgitation, often due to
chordae tendineae rupture.
[8]
Sudden death
Severe mitral valve prolapse is associated with
arrhythmias and
atrial fibrillation that may progress and lead to
sudden death. As there is no evidence that a prolapsed valve itself contributes to such arrythmias,
these complications are more likely due to mitral regurgitation and
congestive heart failure.
Prognosis
The major predictors of
mortality are the severity of mitral regurgitation and the
ejection fraction.
[9] Generally, MVP is a benign disorder. However, MVP patients with a murmur, not just an isolated click, have a general mortality rate that is increased by 15-20%.
Treatment
Mitral valve prolapse can be treated with
surgical replacement of the mitral valve. This may be necessary in as many as 11% of patients with classic MVP, and is indicated for patients with an
ejection fraction below 60% and progressive left ventricular dysfunction.
Prevention of infective endocarditis
People with mitral valve prolapse are at higher risk of
infective endocarditis (bacterial infection of the heart tissue), as a result of certain non-sterile procedures such as teeth cleaning and biopsy during colonoscopy. However, an April 2007 study by the
American Heart Association has determined that the risks of prescribing
antibiotics outweigh the benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis before an invasive procedure (such as dental surgery). Therefore, MVP patients who have taken prophylactic antibiotics routinely in the past may no longer need them.
[10]
References
1. Mitral Valve Prolapse
2. Aneurysmal protrusion of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. An auscultatory-electrocardiographic syndrome., Barlow JB, Bosman CK., , , Am Heart J, 1966
3. Prevalence and clinical features of mitral valve prolapse., Levy D, Savage D., , , Am Heart J, 1987
4. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse., Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, Larson MG, Evans JC, Fuller DL, Lehman B, Benjamin EJ., , , N Engl J Med, 1999
5. Related Disorders: Mitral Valve Prolapse
6. Autonomic tone in patients with supraventricular arrhythmia associated with mitral valve prolapse in young men., Terechtchenko L, Doronina SA, Pochinok EM, Riftine A., , , Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2003
7. Progression of mitral regurgitation in patients with mitral valve prolapse, Kolibash AJ, , , Herz, 1988
8. Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
9. Mitral Valve Regurgitation
10. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group, Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, ''et al'', , , Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), 2007
External links
★
Mitral Valve Prolapse Prevalence and Complications
★
Mitral Valve Prolapse - Texas Heart Institute Information Center
★
Mitral Valve Prolapse - Florida Institute of Cardiovascular Care
★
Mitral Valve Prolapse - Echocardiographic features
★
Mitral Valve Repair at The Mount Sinai Hospital
العربية
ä¸å›½
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिनà¥à¤¦à¥€
Italiano
日本語
Português
РуÑÑкий
Español
