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A 'minister-president' (plural ''ministers-president'') is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments, who presides over the council of ministers. It is an alternative term for Prime Minister or First Minister, and very similar to the title of President of the Council.

Contents

Austria

Belgium

Germany

The Netherlands

Norway

Austria

From 1867 to 1918, the first minister of the government was known as ''Ministerpräsident'', before that ''Staatskanzler''. Today the head of government is called the ''Bundeskanzler'' (Federal Chancellor). The governor of a state is called ''Landeshauptmann'' (male) or ''Landeshauptfrau'' (female), not ''Ministerpräsident/-in''.
See: List of Ministers-President of Austria.

Belgium

The term is also used in Belgium, to describe the head of government of a Belgian region or linguistic community.
According to the Belgian constitution, the federal prime minister of Belgium is appointed by the king, and approved by federal parliament with a vote of confidence (in practice the king usually appoints the leader of the winning party as "formateur" to form a government). The federal ministers later swear an oath of allegiance to the king. The ministers-president of the states are not appointed by the king, but directly by the state parliaments. State ministers are not requierd to swear allegiance to the king but simply take an oath in the state parliaments.
See:

★ List of Ministers-President of Flanders

★ Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region

★ List of Ministers-President of Wallonia

Germany

The ''Ministerpräsident'' is the head of government of a German state; the office corresponds to the governorship of a state in the United States. Since the German language reflects the gender in the nouns, the female version of ''Ministerpräsident'' would be ''Ministerpräsidentin''. The correct form of address for men is "Herr Ministerpräsident" and for women "Frau Ministerpräsidentin".

There is some confusion about the correct English translation, the ''Ministerpräsident/-in'' is either known as "Minister-President" or "Prime Minister". (ex. Prime Minister of Brandenburg [1], Prime Minister of Lower Saxony [2]). The title can be translated as "Minister President", "Minister-President", or "(State) Premier".
Generally the constitutional position of a Minister-President in a state is very similar to the one of chancellor on the federal level. He is elected by a majority in the state-parliament (''Landtag''), appoints the state-ministers and determines the policy guidelines. He also, along with several of his ministers, represents the state in the ''Bundesrat'', the German Federal Council. Through this, they can be very powerful within the federal structure.
An agreement between the parties CDU and CSU, which leaves the state of Bavaria to the CSU while the CDU operates in all other states, puts the ''Ministerpräsident'' of Bavaria in a special position. Due the agreement the Bavarian CSU is present in the Bundestag, the federal parliament, on its own. Since Bavaria's Minister-President is (usually) also head of the CSU, he has a small, but significant additional influence in the federal parliament.
'Note': All heads of the ''Länder'' governments are called ''Ministerpräsident/-in'', with the exceptions of the city-states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg. There the heads of state government are called ''Regierender Bürgermeister'' (Governing Mayor) of Berlin, ''Bürgermeister und Präsident des Senats'' (Mayor and President of the Senate) of Bremen, and ''Erster Bürgermeister'' (First Mayor) of Hamburg. They hold the same power and position as the other Ministers-President.

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands the prime minister is officially referred to as "minister-president", though normally "premier" is used. His responsibilities are defined in the constitution of 1848 (president of the council of ministers). The title of minister-president is officially in use since 1945.

Norway

In Norway, Vidkun Quisling, head of the puppet government during the Nazi occupation in World War II, was also known as the "Minister-President".