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'Mily Alexeyevich Balakirev' (, ''Milij Alekseevič Balakirev'') (January 2, 1837 – May 29, 1910) was a Russian pianist, conductor and composer. He is known today primarily for his work promoting nationalism in Russian music. Working in conjunction with critic Vladimir Stasov, Balakirev brought together the composers now known as The Five, encouraging their efforts and acting as a musical midwife for both they and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Balakirev's own music is generally not well known today. The exception to this is , which is still popular among pianists.

Contents

Early years

Music and influence

Later years

Selected works

Works with opus numbers

Works with dates

Undated works

Songs with dates

Undated songs

External links

Early years

Balakirev was born at Nizhny Novgorod into a poor clerk's family. He first received a musical education at the behest of his mother, who took him to Moscow in 1847 to receive lessons from Alexander Dubuque. Money problems eventually ended these lessons and forced him to return to Nizhny Novgorod. His talents did not remain unnoticed though; he soon found a patron in nobleman Alexander Oulibichev. Oulibichev was an author of a biography of Mozart and had had a private band and a vast musical library, from which Balakirev obtained a valuable education in music.

At eighteen, after a university course in mathematics, Oublichev took Balakirev to Saint Petersburg, and there he made the acquaintance of Mikhail Glinka. Glinka encouraged Balakirev to take up music as a career, advice that Balakirev took to heart. He made his debut in 1856 with the first movement from his Piano concerto.
Balakirev's meeting with Glinka also helped establish a spark of Russian nationalism within Balakirev, leading him to adopt the stance that Russia should have its own distinct school of music, free from Southern and Western European influences. Around him gathered composers with similar ideals: César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Alexander Borodin, and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The five men were described by noted critic Vladimir Stasov as "a mighty handful;" they eventually became better known in English simply as "The Five."
The group encountered harsh criticism from the existing Russian musical establishment in the form of Anton and Nikolai Rubinstein, who publicly called the group "amateurs" (something that was not entirely unjustified, as Balakirev was the only professional musician of the group). To counteract these criticisms and to aid in the creation of a distinctly "Russian" school of music, the group founded the Free School of Music in 1862.
Like the Russian Musical Society (RMS), the Free School offered concerts as well as education. Between 1862 and 1867 Balakirev and Lomankin conducted these concerts, which offered less conservative programming than the RMS concerts. They included the music of Hector Berlioz, Robert Schumann and Franz Liszt, Russian composers Mikhail Glinka and Alexander Dargomïzhsky, along with the first works of The Five^[1]
When Anton Rubinstein relinquished directorship of the RMS concerts in 1867, Balakirev was selected to replace him. When Lomakin resigned as director of the Free Music School in February 1868, Balakirev took his place there^[2].

Music and influence

Balakirev was somewhat notorious for taking long periods of time to finish works; for instance, his "Sonata in B flat minor" was written over the course of 50 years. Nevertheless, he managed to produce a large body of work, much of which is rarely performed today. His works consist largely of songs and collections of folk songs, but include two symphonies, two symphonic poems (''Russia'' and ''Tamara''), and four overtures, and a number of piano pieces, including ''. His orchestral works are generally pieces of programme music in a style developed by Balakirev's disciples, such as Borodin and Rimsky-Korsakov. Islamey is particularly favored among pianists, due to its difficult nature.
His influence as a conductor, and as an organizer of Russian music, give him the place as a founder of a new movement. Though he was one of the founders of the Free School, he strongly opposed what he termed "musical professionalism," qualities he associated with the established Russian music scene in the mid 1800s. He sought to imprint his vision of music onto his students, and was thus the defacto head of the five during their existence. He ruled this group often with a strong hand. Mussorgsky in particular often came under fire from his teacher; due to Balakirev's harsh criticism of his Night on Bald Mountain, the work was never performed in Mussorgsky's lifetime. Outside of the group, Balakirev also greatly encouraged Peter Tchaikovsky in his studies, eventually inspiring him to write the Manfred Symphony (something that Tchaikovsky acknowledged when he dedicated the piece to Balakirev).

Later years

The Free School was influential, but suffered from chronic financial problems that drove Balakirev to a nervous breakdown in 1872. He took a temporary retirement from the musical world after this, leaving the school to become a railway clerk. He held several jobs, such as that of a school inspector, until 1883, when he was appointed director of the Imperial Chapel and conductor of the Imperial Musical Society. He held this post until 1895, when he took his final retirement.
Balakirev died on May 29, 1910 and was interred in Tikhvin Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in Saint Petersburg.

Selected works

Works with opus numbers

★ Grande Fantasie on Russian Folk Songs, Op. 4, for piano and orchestra.

★ Islamey, Oriental fantasy for piano, Op. 18 (1869, revised 1902).

★ Octet, Opus 3.

★ Overture on a Spanish March Theme, Op. 6.

★ Piano Concerto No. 1 in F sharp minor, Op. 1 (1855-1856).

★ Piano Concerto No. 2 IN E flat major, Op. Posth. (1861).

★ Piano Sonata No. 1 in B flat minor, Op. 5.

★ Piano Sonata No. 2 in Bb minor, Op. 102 (1905).

Works with dates

★ Reminiscences on Glinka’s opera "A Life for the Czar",fantasy for piano (2nd version of Fantasy on Glinka's themes) (1854-1855, revised 1899).

★ Scherzo for Piano No. 1 in B minor (1856).

★ Overture on a Spanish March Theme (1857).

★ Overture on Three Russian Themes (1858).

★ King Lear (Korol' Lir), incidental music Shakespeare's play (1858-1861, revised 1902-1905).

★ Polka in f-sharp for piano (1859).

★ Mazurka for piano No. 1 in A flat major (1861-1884).

★ Mazurka for piano No. 2 in C sharp minor (1861-1884).

★ Russia (Rus'), Second Overture on Russian Themes, for orchestra, Symphonic Poem (1863-1864, revised 1884).

★ Jota aragonesa for Piano (after Glinka) (1864).

★ "The Lark" ("Zhavronok") for piano, transcription from a song by Glinka (1864).

★ Symphony No. 1 in C major (1864-1866).

★ Overture on Czech Themes "In Bohemia" ("V Chechii"), Symphonic Poem, (1867, revised 1905).

★ Tamara, symphonic poem (1867-1882).

★ Islamey, for piano (1869)

★ Au jardin, étude-idylle for piano in D flat major (1884).

★ In the Garden, for piano (1884).

★ Mazurka for piano No. 3 for Piano in B minor (1886).

★ Mazurka for piano No. 4 for Piano in G flat major (1886).

★ Nocturne for piano No. 1 in B flat minor (1898).

★ Dumka for Piano (1900).

★ Mazurka for piano No. 5 for Piano in D major (1900).

★ Scherzo for Piano No. 2 in B flat minor (1900).

★ Waltz for Piano No. 1 in G major "Valse di bravura" (1900).

★ Waltz for Piano No. 2 in F minor "Valse mélancholique" (1900).

★ Symphony No. 2 in D minor (1900-1908).

★ Berceuse for Piano in D flat major (1901).

★ Gondellied, for piano in A minor (1901).

★ Nocturne for piano No. 2 in B minor (1901).

★ Scherzo for Piano no 3 in F sharp major (1901).

★ Tarantella for Piano in B major (1901).

★ Waltz for Piano no 3 in D major "Valse-impromptu" (1901).

★ Suite in b (1901-1908).

★ Capriccio for piano in D major (1902).

★ Mazurka for piano No. 6. For Piano in A flat major (1902).

★ Nocturne for piano No. 3 in D minor (1902).

★ Spanish melody for Piano (1902).

★ Spanish Serenade for Piano (1902).

★ Toccata in c-sharp for Piano (1902).

★ Tyrolienne (1902).

★ Waltz for Piano no 4 in B flat major "Valse de concert" (1902).

★ Cantata on the Inauguration of the Glinka Memorial (dedicated to Mikhail Glinka), chorus and orchestra (1902-1904).

★ Chant du pecheur (1903).

★ Humoresque for Piano in D major (1903).

★ Phantasiestück, for piano in D flat major (1903).

★ Rêverie, for piano in F major (1903).

★ Waltz for Piano No. 5 in D flat major (1903).

★ Waltz for Piano No. 6 in F sharp minor (1903-1904).

★ Romance (transcription for piano solo of the second movement of Chopin’s first concerto for Piano and Orchestra, opus 11) (1905).

★ La fileuse for Piano in B flat minor(1906).

★ Mazurka for piano No. 7. For Piano in E flat minor (1906).

★ Novelette for Piano in A major (1906).

★ Waltz for piano No. 7 in G sharp minor (1906).

★ Impromptu for piano (after Chopin's Preludes in E flat minor and B major) (1907).

★ Esquisses (Sonatina) for Piano in G major (1909).

Undated works

★ Complainte for piano.

★ Fantasia for Piano.

★ Overture on the Themes of 3 Russian Songs, for orchestra.

★ "Say not that love will pass" for piano, transcription from a song by Glinka.

Songs with dates

★ "Spanish Song" ("Ispanskaya pesnya"), for voice and piano (Forgotten Songs No. 3) (1855).

★ "The Clear Moon has Risen" (1858).

★ "The Knight" (1858) (20 Songs, No. 7).

★ "Song of Selim" ("Pesnya Selima") (1858) (20 Songs, No. 11).

★ "Hebrew Melody" (20 songs, no. 13) (1859).

★ "Over the Lake" ("Nad ozerom"), song for voice and piano (1895-1896) (10 Songs, No. 1).

★ "The Wilderness" (10 songs, no. 2) (1895-1896).

★ "I Loved Him" ("Ya lyubila ego"), song for voice and piano (10 Songs 1895-96, No. 5).

★ "The Pine Tree" (1895-1896) (10 Songs, No. 6).

★ "Nocturne" (1895-1896) (10 Songs, No. 7).

★ "Vision" ("Son") (10 Songs, No. 2) (1903-04).

★ "7th November" (10 Songs, No. 4) (1903-04).

★ "The yellow leaf trembles" ("Pesnya: Zholtďy list") (10 Songs, No. 8) (1903-04).

★ "Look, my Friend" ("Vzglyani, moy drug") (20 Songs, No. 6) (1903-04).

★ "The Dream" ("Son") (20 songs, no. 20) (1903-04).

★ "Song: The Yellow Leaf Trembles" (1903-04).

★ "Dawn" ("Zarya") (1909).

Undated songs

★ "Intonation".

★ "My Heart Is Torn" ("Tak i rvetsya dusha"), song for voice and piano (20 Songs, No. 9).

★ "Selim's Song" ("Pesnya Selima"), for voice and piano (20 Songs, No. 11).

★ "The Crescent Moon" ("Vzoshol na nebo mesyats yasnïy"), song for voice and piano (20 Songs, No. 5).

★ "Thou Art So Capitvating" ("Tï plenitel'noy negi polna"), song for voice and piano (Forgotten Songs, No. 1).

★ "Toujours, on me dit 'grand sot'".

★ "When I Hear Thy Voice" ("Slïshu li golos tvoy"), song for voice and piano (20 Songs, No. 18).

External links

★ Islamey Article

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