'Milan' (;
Western Lombard: ''Milan'' ) is one of the largest cities in
Italy, located in the plains of
Lombardy, and is one of the most highly developed urban centres in
Europe. The municipality (''Comune di Milano'') has a population of 1.3 million. The population of the
urban area, that coincides with the
Province of Milan, is estimated as of 2006 to be 3,884,481
[1]. Finally, the official population of the Milan Metropolitan area counts over 7.4 million residents, the largest in Italy
[2].
The municipal border covers a relatively small area (about one-eighth of that of
Rome) because of the historical development of high density centres in agriculturally rich
Lombardy. The
Urban agglomeration centred around Milan, however, extends well beyond and includes some
Swiss territories in southern
Canton Ticino, although this does not imply any kind of administrative unity.
Milan is also renowned as one of the world capitals of
design and
fashion[2]. Indeed the
English word ''
milliner'' is derived from the name of the city. The Lombard metropolis is famous for its
fashion houses and shops (such as along
via Montenapoleone) and the
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele in the Piazza Duomo (reputed to be the world's oldest shopping mall).
The city hosted the World Exposition in 1906 and has submitted a bid to
BIE to host the
Universal Expo in 2015.
Inhabitants of Milan are referred to as "Milanese" (Italian: ''Milanesi'' or informally ''Meneghini'' or ''Ambrosiani'').
History
Etymology
The
Celtic name for the settlement of the
Insubres is not attested, but in the Roman name ''
Mediolanum'' the name element ''-lanum'' is the Celtic equivalent of ''-planum'' "plain'", thus Mediolanum: "in the midst of the plain", due to its location in a plain close to the confluence of two small rivers, the Olona and the Seveso. The origin of the name and of a
boar as a symbol of the city are fancifully accounted for in
Andrea Alciato's ''Emblemata'' (1584), beneath a woodcut of the first raising of the city walls, where a boar is seen lifted from the excavation, and the etymology of ''Mediolanum'' given as "half-wool",
[3] explained in Latin and in French. The foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic peoples, the
Bituriges and the
Aedui, having as their
emblems a ram and a boar;
[4] therefore "The city’s symbol is a wool-bearing boar, an animal of double form, here with sharp bristles, there with sleek wool."
[5] Alciato credits the most saintly and learned
Ambrose for his account.
[6]
The German name for the city is ''Mailand'', while in the local
Western Lombard dialect, the city's name is Milán, similar to the French.
Roman times
Main articles: Mediolanum
Around
400 BC, the Celtic
Insubres inhabited Milan and the surrounding region. In
222 BC, the Romans conquered this settlement, which received the name
Mediolanum.
After several centuries of Roman control, Milan was declared the capital of the
Western Roman Empire by Emperor
Diocletian in
293 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire (capital
Nicomedia) and his colleague Maximianus the Western one. Immediately Maximinian built several gigantic monuments, like a large circus (470 x 85 meters), the Thermae Erculee, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other services and buildings.
In the
Edict of Milan of
313, Emperor
Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for
Christians. The city was besieged by the
Visigoths in
402, and the imperial residence was moved to
Ravenna. Fifty years later (in
452), the
Huns overran the city. In
539, the
Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan in the course of the so-called
Gothic War against
Byzantine Emperor
Justinian I. Milan became part of the
Frankish Empire in
774. Subsequently it was part of the
Holy Roman Empire.
Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, Milan prospered as a centre of trade due to its command of the rich plain of the Po and routes from Italy across the Alps. The war of conquest by
Frederick I Barbarossa against the Lombard cities brought the destruction of much of Milan in
1162. After the founding of the
Lombard League in
1167, Milan took the leading role in this alliance. As a result of the independence that the Lombard cities gained in the
Peace of Constance in
1183, Milan became a duchy. In
1395,
Gian Galeazzo Visconti became duke of Milan. In
1450, Milan passed to the noble
House of Sforza, which made Milan one of the leading cities of the Italian
Renaissance.
Periods of Spanish, French and Austrian domination
The French king
Louis XII first laid claim to the duchy in
1492. At that time, Milan was defended by Swiss mercenaries. After Louis’ victory over the Swiss at the
Battle of Marignano, the duchy was promised to the French king
Francis I. When the Habsburg
Charles V defeated Francis I at the
Battle of Pavia in
1525, northern Italy, including Milan, passed to the House of
Habsburg. In
1556, Charles V abdicated in favour of his son
Philip II and his brother
Ferdinand I. Charles’s Italian possessions, including Milan, passed to Philip II and the Spanish line of Habsburgs, while Ferdinand’s Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire.
However, in
1700 the Spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of
Charles II. After his death, the
War of the Spanish Succession began in
1701 with the occupation of all Spanish possessions by French troops backing the claim of the French
Philippe of Anjou to the Spanish throne. In
1704, the French were defeated in
Ramillies and
Turin and were forced to yield northern Italy to the Austrian Habsburgs. In
1713, the
Treaty of Utrecht formally confirmed Austrian sovereignty over most of Spain’s Italian possessions including
Lombardy and its capital, Milan.
19th Century
Napoleon conquered Lombardy in
1796, was crowned "king of Italy" in the Duomo, and Milan was declared capital of the
Cisalpine Republic. Once Napoleon’s occupation ended, the
Congress of Vienna returned Lombardy, and Milan, along with the
Veneto, to Austrian control in
1815.
During this period, Milan became a centre of lyric
opera. Here
Mozart wrote three operas, and in few years
La Scala got the reference theatre in the word, with his premieres of
Bellini,
Donizetti,
Rossini and Verdi.
Verdi himself is now tumulated in a precious Institute, the "Casa di Riposo per Musicisti", the Verdi's present to Milan. On the XIX century other important theatres was ''La Cannobiana'' and the ''Teatro Carcano''.
On
March 18,
1848, the Milanese rebelled against Austrian rule, and Field Marshall
Radetzky was forced to withdraw from the city temporarily. However, after defeating Italian forces at
Custoza on
July 24, Radetzky was able to reassert Austrian control over Milan and northern Italy. However, Italian nationalists, championed by the
Kingdom of Sardinia, called for the removal of Austria in the interest of
Italian unification. Sardinia and France formed an alliance and defeated Austria at the
Battle of Solferino in
1859. Following this battle, Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia, which soon gained control of most of Italy and in
1861 was rechristened as the Kingdom of Italy.
The political unification of Italy cemented Milan’s commercial dominance over northern Italy. It also led to a flurry of railway construction that made Milan the rail hub of northern Italy. Rapid industrialization put Milan at the centre of Italy’s leading industrial region. Meanwhile, as Milanese banks dominated Italy’s financial sphere, the city became the country’s leading financial centre. Milan’s economic growth brought a rapid expansion in the city’s area and population during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
20th Century
In
1919,
Benito Mussolini organized the
Blackshirts, who formed the core of
Italy’s Fascist movement, in Milan. In
1922, Mussolini started his
March on Rome from Milan. Milan suffered severe damage from British and American carpet bombings especially in
1944 during
World War II.
During the 1950s and 1960s, thousands of Italians, particularly from
Southern Italy, moved to Milan to seek jobs within the city’s rapidly expanding economy and the population peaked at 1,723,000 in 1971. However, most of this population was lost during the '70s and '80s to the belt of new suburbs and small cities surrounding Milan. Nonetheless, Milan’s population seems to have stabilized, and there has been a slight increase in the population of the city since 2001.
Climate
Under the
Köppen climate classification Milan is typically classified as having a
Humid subtropical climate (Cfa). In contrast to most of Italy, which is famous for a comfortable
Mediterranean climate, Milan's winters are typically damp and cold, while summers are hot and very humid. Average temperatures are -3/+6°C in January and +15/+28°C in July. Snowfalls are common, sometimes with up to 40 cm (15 in) per year. Humidity is quite high during the whole year and annual precipitation averages about 1000 mm (40 in). In the stereotypical image, the city is often shrouded in the fog characteristic of the Po Basin, although the removal of rice fields from the southern neighbourhoods and the reduction of pollution levels have reduced this phenomenon in recent years.
Landmarks
Milan is one of the major artistic centres of northern Italy. Its chief landmarks include:
★
The Duomo, the second largest church in Italy, the world's second largest gothic church (after the Cathedral in Seville) and the world's largest collection of marble statues with the widely visible golden Madonna statue on top of the spire, la ''Madunina'' (little Madonna), the symbol of Milan.
★
Teatro alla Scala. Milan is also one of the most important centres in the world for ''
Opera lirica'', with his famous ''Teatro alla Scala'' (
La Scala).
★ The
Castello Sforzesco
★ The
Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
★ The Palaeo-Christian
Basilica of San Lorenzo
★ The
Biblioteca Ambrosiana, containing drawings and notebooks by
Leonardo da Vinci among its vast holdings of books, manuscripts, and drawings, and is one of the main repositories of European culture. The city is also the home of the
Brera Academy of Fine Arts.
★ The
church of
Santa Maria delle Grazie, housing one of the most famous paintings of
Leonardo da Vinci,
''The Last Supper'' (''L'ultima cena'' or ''Il cenacolo'')
★ The church of
Santa Maria presso San Satiro, with a famous
trompe l'oeil traditionally ascribed to
Bramante
★ The
Pinacoteca di Brera,
Pinacoteca Ambrosiana,
Poldi Pezzoli, the
Bagatti Valsecchi Museum and the Musei del Castello galleries, which host a great number of pictorial masterpieces
Demographics
The city proper (''Comune di Milano'') has a population of 1,303,437 inhabitants (2006). Between 1991 to 2001, the city proper has lost 113,084 inhabitants (8.3 percent) mostly due to suburban sprawl and expulsion of population from the inner city centre, which is now almost fully dedicated to offices and commerce. The population of the
urban area, that coincides with the
Province of Milan, is estimated as of 2006 to be 3,884,481
[3]. Finally, the official population of the Milan
Metropolitan area counts over 7.4 millions residents, the largest in Italy
[4].
As of 2006, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 292,204 foreign-born immigrants live in Milan Urban Area, equal to 7.6% of total population.
Economy
Milan is one of the major financial and business centres of the world. The city is the seat of the Italian Stock Exchange (the
Borsa Italiana)"Piazza Affari" and its
hinterland is an ''avant-garde'' industrial area. Milan was included in a list of ten "Alpha world cities" by Peter J. Taylor and Robert E. Lang of the
Brookings Institution in the economic report "U.S. Cities in the 'World City Network'" (
Key Findings, ).
Milan is also well known as the seat of the
Alfa Romeo motorcar company, for its
silk production, and as one of the world's capitals for fashion and a world leader for design.
Milan also provides directional functions for the whole of Lombardy, as its industrial base has been externalized throughout the region in the 1960s-70s.
The
Fiera Milano, the city's Exhibition Centre and Trade Fair complex, is notable. This new fairground, in the north-western suburb of
Pero and
Rho, opened in April 2005, making the Fiera Milano the largest trade fair complex in the world.
Milan of the future
At present, Milan is experiencing a significant architectural and urban design renaissance. Many new construction projects are under way with the aim of rehabilitating disused, peripheral industrial areas, including entire quarters. Examples of these projects include: the addition to the
Teatro alla Scala; the
CityLife project in the old "fiera" site; the European Library; the new quarter Santa Giulia; and the Porta Nuova project in the Garibaldi-Republica zone. Famous architects are involved in the construction of this "new" Milan, such as
Renzo Piano,
Norman Foster,
Zaha Hadid,
Massimiliano Fuksas and
Daniel Libeskind. These major works will give Milan a new skyline no longer dominated by the
Duomo and the
Pirelli Tower.
This urban rebirth is further fostered by the bid to host
Expo 2015.
List of projects
★ Montecity-Rogoredo: 612.900
+ 330.000
park
★
CityLife (2012):
★ Porta Nuova - Garibaldi/Repubblica (2012): 260.000
★ Certosa (2008)
★ Porta Vittoria: 300.000
★ Rubattino: 611.000
★ Bovisa: new
Politecnico di Milano campus
Religion
The famous "Madunina" atop the main spire of the cathedral, a baroque gilded bronze artwork.
Milan's population, like that of Italy as a whole, is overwhelmingly
Roman Catholic. Other religions practised include
Buddhism[7],
Judaism,
Islam[8][9]
and
Protestantism[10][11].
The Ambrosian Rite
Milan has its own historic Catholic rite known as the
Ambrosian Rite (it: ''rito ambrosiano''). It varies slightly from the typical Catholic rite (the ''Roman'', used in all other western regions), with some differences in the
liturgy and mass celebrations, and in the calendar (for example, the date of
carnival is celebrated some days after the common date). The Ambrosian rite is also practised in other surrounding locations in
Lombardy and in the
Swiss canton of
Ticino.
Another important difference concerns the liturgical music. The
Gregorian chant was completely unused in Milan and surrounding areas, because the official one was its own
Ambrosian chant, definitively established by the
Council of Trent (1545-1563) and earlier than the Gregorian
[5]. To preserve this music there has developed the unique ''schola cantorum'', a college, and an Institute in partnership with the "Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music" (PIAMS) in Rome
[6].
Food
Like most cities in Italy, Milan and its surrounding area has its own regional cuisine. Milanese cuisine includes "
cotoletta alla milanese", a fried veal (pork and turkey are used, though) fillet in bread crumbs (which some say is of
Austrian origin, calling it "Wienerschnitzel"). Other typical dishes are ''
cassoeula'' (stewed pork rib chops and sausage with Savoy cabbage and tomato sauce),
ossobuco (stewed marrow-bone with tomato or lemon sauce),
risotto alla milanese (with saffron, white wine and beef marrow), ''busecca'' (stewed tripe with beans and tomato sauce), and ''brasato'' (stewed beef or pork with wine and potatoes). Season-related pastries include ''chiacchiere'' (fried flat cookies) and ''tortelli'' (fried spherical cookies) for
Carnival, ''colomba'' (glazed cake shaped as a dove) for
Easter, ''pane dei morti'' ("Bread of the Dead", cookies aromatized with cinnamon) for
All Soul's Day and
panettone for Christmas. The ''salame milanese'', a
salami with a very thin grain, is widespread throughout Italy. The best known Milanese cheese is
gorgonzola.
Education
Universities
State University of Milan Bicocca
Milan is home to many universities and other institutions of higher learning. This is a list of institutions of higher learning in Milan:
★
Politecnico di Milano
★
Università Statale
★
Università Statale Milano-Bicocca
★
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
★
Università Bocconi
★
Scuola Superiore di Direzione Aziendale - Bocconi
★
Università I.U.L.M.
★
Università C. Cattaneo L.I.U.C.
★
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele
★
L.U.C. Beato Angelico
★
Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera
★
Conservatorio Superiore "G. Verdi" di Milano
★
Istituto Europeo di Design
★
I.S.E.F.
★
Scuola Politecnica Di Design
Transportation
Airports
The city has a large international airport known as
Malpensa International Airport (''MXP''), located near the industrial towns of
Busto Arsizio and
Gallarate and connected to the downtown with the "''Malpensa Express''" railway service (from Cadorna Station). Malpensa was designed by the famous
Ettore Sottsass. Milan also has the
Linate Airport (''LIN'') within the city limits (for European and domestic traffic), connected with bus line 73 (from S. Babila). A third airport is
Orio al Serio (''BGY''), close to the city of
Bergamo. Vergiate, Venegono, Bresso, Voghera and Montichiari are additional airports in the region.
Subways, tramways, trolleybuses and buses
The classic trams from the 1920s are still in use.
Milan has 3
subway lines (M1 - red, M2 - green, M3 - yellow) and the system, called
Milan Metro - "''M''", running for more than 80 km. There is also a light metro-service, "Metrò S. Raffaele", connecting the San Raffaele Hospital with Cascina Gobba station (M2). Extensions of lines 1, 2 and 3 are under construction, to create more than 15 km of track with 10 new stations. Line 5 is also under construction, to be finished in the first half of 2008. Lines 4 (linking downtown with Linate Airport) and 6 are in planning stages.
Greater Milan also has one of the most extensive tramway systems in the world, with more than 286 km of track, and 20 lines.
Milan also has four trolleybus routes; included in the fleet are ten air-conditioned Cristalis trolleybuses.
Ninety-three bus lines cover over 1,070 km between them. The local transportation authority (''ATM'') transported more than 600 million passengers in
2003 .
Railways
Milan is the second railway hub of
Italy, and the five major stations of Milan are among Italy's busiest. The first railroad built in Milan, the
Milan and Monza Rail Road was opened for service on August 17th, 1840.
High speed train lines are under construction all across Italy, and new lines will open from Milan to Rome and Naples, and from Milan to Torino.
The stations for the TAV (Treni ad Alta Velocità - High Speed Trains) will be:
★
Milano Rogoredo (for the south)
★ Milano Certosa and Milano/Rho Fiera (for the west)
A line from Milan to Venice and then to Trieste is under construction. At the end of the work, the TAV station for Milan to the east will be:
★ Milano Pioltello
Regional-Metropolitan Railway services
The Suburban Railway Service ( "S" Lines, a service similar to the French RER and German S-Bahn), composed of eight suburban lines and ten more scheduled for 2008, connects the "Greater Milan" to cities such as
Como and
Varese. The Regional Railway Service ("R"), instead, links Milan with the rest of
Lombardy and the national railway system. The "Passante ferroviario" is an underground railway serving a couple of "S" lines and is very much like another subway line (and is even marked as such on subway maps), except that it is connected to
LeNord and
Trenitalia suburban networks.
Taxis
Milan has a
taxi service operated by private companies and licensed by the City of Milan (''Comune di Milano''). All taxis are the same color,
white. Prices are based on time elapsed and distance traveled. As the number of licences is kept low by lobbying of present taxi drivers, prices are fairly high (significantly higher than, for example, in
New York) and finding a taxi may be difficult in rush hours.
Sports
The city hosted, among other events, the
FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990, the
UEFA European Football Championship in 1980.
Football is the most popular sport in Italy, and Milan is home to two world-famous football teams:
A.C. Milan and
Internazionale. The former is normally referred to as "Mìlan" (notice the stress on the first syllable, unlike the English and Milanese name of the city), the latter as "Inter".
Milan is the only city in Europe whose teams have won both the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup. Both teams play at Giuseppe Meazza - San Siro Stadium (85,700). Many of the strongest Italian football players were born in Milan , in the surrounding metropolitan area, or in Lombardy:
Valentino Mazzola,
Paolo Maldini,
Giuseppe Meazza,
Giacinto Facchetti,
Luigi Riva,
Gaetano Scirea,
Giuseppe Bergomi,
Walter Zenga,
Antonio Cabrini,
Roberto Donadoni,
Gianluca Vialli,
Silvio Piola,
Giampiero Boniperti,
Gabriele Oriali,
Giovanni Trapattoni and
Franco Baresi as well as many others.
San Siro Stadium, one of Europe's biggest
★ The famous
Monza Formula One circuit is located near the city, inside a wide park. It is one of the world's oldest car racing circuits. The capacity for the
F1 races is currently around 137,000 spectators, although in the
1950s the stands could hold more than 250,000. It has hosted an F1 race nearly every year since the first year of competition, exception made of 1980.
★
Olimpia Milano is a successful European
basketball team. It is the most important Italian team and one of the top 5 in Europe. Olimpia play at the Forum (capacity 14,000)
★
Rhinos Milano American Football Club is the oldest American football club in Milan and have won four Italian Super Bowls. They are one of the five foundation clubs of the Italian Football League.
★
CUS Milano Baseball is the oldest baseball club in Milan and have won eight Italian Scudetti.
★ The
Amatori Rugby Milano have won 18
National Championships and are the most famous and important Rugby team in Italy.
★ Different ice hockey teams from Milan have won 30 National Championships between them. The
Vipers Milano have won the last 5
national championships, the Alpenliga and several Coppa Italia, and are the leaders of that sport in Italy. They play at the Agora Stadium (capacity 4,500) during the regular season, and at the Forum during playoffs
★ Every year, Milan hosts the Bonfiglio Trophy Under 18 Tennis Tournament. It is the most important youth tournament in the world, and is played at the Milan Tennis Club. The central court has a capacity of 8000. Past winners include Tacchini,
Jan Kodes,
Adriano Panatta,
Corrado Barazzutti, Moreno,
Björn Borg, Smid,
Ivan Lendl,
Guy Forget,
Jim Courier,
Goran Ivanišević,
Yevgeny Kafelnikov, and
Guillermo Coria.
★ The Milan miracle happened here in the
WWE, when a
jobber by the name of
Santino Marella defeated the Samoan Bulldozer
Umaga for the
Intercontinental Championship.
Milan and
Lombardy are candidates for the Summer Olympic Games of
2020 ("Milan-Lombardy 2020").
Stadia
★
Autodromo Nazionale Monza - car and motorcycle racing - 137,000
★
San Siro - only football; Milan and Inter - 85,700
★
Arena Civica - Athletics, Rugby, Football, American Football 30,000
★ Brianteo - Athletics, Football - 18,568
★ Ippodromo del Trotter - Horse Racing - 16,000
★ Ippodromo del Galoppo - Horse Racing - 15,000
★ Forum di Assago - Basketball, Ice Hockey, Volleyball, Music - 13,000 to 16,000
★ MazdaPalace - Basketball, Volleyball - 13,500
★
Velodromo Vigorelli - Cycling, American Football - 12,000
★ PalaLido - Basketball - 5,000
★ Agorà - Ice Hockey - 4,000
★ Nuovo Giuriati - Rugby - 4,000
There are other stadiums and multiuse palaces located in the metropolitan area, the biggest being Monza Brianteo Stadium (18,000 seats), the PalaDesio (10,000) and Geas Stadium (8,500).
Communication and media
Milan is the base of operations for many local and nationwide communication services and businesses, such as newspapers, magazines, and TV and radio stations.
Newspapers
★ ''
Corriere della Sera''
★ ''
Il Giorno ''
★ ''
Il Giornale ''
★ ''Libero''
★ ''
Il Sole 24 Ore ''
★ ''Milano Finanza ''
★ ''La Padania ''
★ ''
La Gazzetta dello Sport'' (sports only)
Magazines
★ ''Panorama ''(weekly)
★ ''La Settimana Enigmistica''
★ ''
Domus'' (architecture & design monthly)
Twin cities
★ Akhisar, Turkey
★ Bethlehem, Palestinian National Authority
★ Birmingham, United Kingdom
★ Belgrade, Serbia
★ Chicago, USA
★ Krakow, Poland
★ Daegu, South Korea
★ Dakar, Senegal
★ Frankfurt, Germany
★ Guadalajara, Mexico
★ Lyon, France |
★ Medellín, Colombia
★ Karachi, Pakistan
★ Melbourne, Australia
★ Osaka, Japan
★ Sao Carlos, Brazil
★ Sao Paulo, Brazil
★ Belo Horizonte, Brazil
★ Saint Petersburg, Russia
★ Shanghai, People's Republic of China
★ Tel Aviv, Israel
★ Toronto, Canada
★ Pernik, Bulgaria |
See also
★
Mayors of Milan
★
Giuseppe Bergomi
Notes
1. http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2006/index.html- ISTAT demographics
2. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1264/is_4_34/ai_106388962
3. ''medius'' + ''lanum''; Alciato's "etymology" is intentionally far-fetched.
4. ''Bituricis vervex, Heduis dat sucula signum.''
5. ''Laniger huic signum sus est, animálque biforme, Acribus hinc setis, lanitio inde levi.''
6. Alciato, ''Emblemata'', Emblema II
7. http://www.lankaramaya.com/
8. http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/8/4.aspx
9. http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=7230
10. http://www.protestantiamilano.it/
11. http://www.milanovaldese.it/
References
★ The decline and fall of the Roman Empire (Edward Gibbon)
★ The later Roman empire (Jones), Blackwell and Mott, Oxford
★ Milano romana / Mario Mirabella Roberti (Rusconi publisher) 1984
★ Marchesi, i percorsi della Storia Minerva Italica (It)
★ Acts of international convention "Milan Capital"), Convegno archeologico internazionale Milano
capitale dell'impero romano [1990 ; Milano] Altri autori: Sena Chiesa, Gemma Arslan, Ermanno A.
★ Milano tra l'eta repubblicana e l'eta augustea : atti del Convegno di studi, 26-27 marzo 1999, Milano
★ Milano capitale dell'impero romano : 286-402 d.c. - (Milano) : Silvana, (1990). - 533 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.
★ Milano capitale dell'Impero romano : 286-402 d. C. : album storico archeologico. - Milano : Cariplo : ET, 1991. - 111 p. : ill. ; 47 cm. ((Pubbl. in occasione della Mostra tenuta a Milano nel 1990.
★ Agostino a Milano: il battesimo : Agostino nelle terre di Ambrogio : 22-24 aprile 1987 / (relazioni di) Marta Sordi ... (et al.) Augustinus publ.
★ Anselmo, conte di Rosate : istoria milanese al tempo del Barbarossa / Pietro Beneventi , Europia publ.
External links
★
City of Milan - official website
★
City of Milan - official Virtual Tour website
★
ATM - Milan's Transportation Company
★
Milan's Underground System
_-_The_Last_Supper_(1495-1498).jpg)
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