'Middle Francia' describes the realm created for
Emperor Lothair I, wedged between
East Francia and
West Francia. The kingdom, which included the
kingdom of Italy,
Burgundy,
Provence, and the west of
Austrasia, was an unnatural creation of the
Treaty of Verdun of
843, with no historical or ethnic identity to bind its varied peoples. The kingdom was split on Lothair's death into those of
Lotharingia, Provence (with Burgundy divided between it and Lotharingia), and Italy.
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