'Mexican Spanish' is the
Spanish language as spoken in
Mexico.
As a result of Mexico City's central role in the colonial administration of New Spain, the population of the city included relatively large numbers of speakers from
Spain. Mexico City (
Tenochtitlán) had also been the capital of the
Aztec Empire, and many speakers of the Aztec language
Nahuatl continued to live there and in the surrounding region, outnumbering the Spanish-speakers for several generations. Consequently, Mexico City tended historically to exercise a standardizing effect over the entire country, more or less, evolving into a distinctive dialect of
Spanish which incorporated a significant number of hispanicized Nahuatl words.
Variation
The differences between Spanish from Spain and Mexican Spanish are no greater than those one might find when comparing American and British English. The territory of contemporary Mexico is not coextensive with what might be termed Mexican Spanish. First, the Spanish of the
Yucatán Peninsula is distinct from all other forms, both in intonation and incorporation of
Mayan words. The Spanish spoken in the areas that border
Guatemala resembles the variation of
Central American Spanish spoken in that country, where the
''voseo'' is common (those areas were originally part of the Audiencia of Guatemala and only became part of Mexico after the wars of colonial independence; most of the southern state of
Chiapas and
Soconusco region did not become part of Mexico until the 1870s). Secondly, the waves of 19th and 20th century migration from Mexico to the
United States have caused Mexican Spanish to become the most widely spoken variety of Spanish in the
United States, except for in the
East Coast. The Spanish spoken in the Gulf Coastal areas of
Veracruz and
Tabasco is also distinctive – at least at the level of vernacular speech – as the Spanish spoken there exhibits more
Caribbean phonetic traits than that spoken in the remainder of Mexico.
Regarding the evolution of the Spanish spoken in Mexico, the
Swedish hispanist
Bertil Malmberg points out that in Mexican Spanish, unlike most variations of the other Spanish-speaking countries, it is the vowels which lose strength, while consonants are fully pronounced. Malmberg explains this by the influence of the consonant-complex
Nahuatl language through bilingual speakers and placenames. However, there are currently more than 50 native Mexican languages spoken throughout the country and they all contribute to the diversity of accents found all over Mexico . For instance, the tonal or "sing song" quality of some forms of Mexican Spanish derive from some of the indigeneous languages such as
Zapotec which, like Chinese, include tonality in their standard form.
Phonetics and phonology
A striking feature of Mexican Spanish, in the interior of the country at least, is the high rate of unstressed
vowel reduction and
elision, as in 'trastes' (cooking utensils/dishes). This process is most frequent when a vowel is in contact with , and is the vowel that is most frequently affected .
In the same regions – most of the interior of Mexico – syllable-final is rarely weakened; this fact, combined with frequent unstressed vowel reduction, gives the sibilant a special prominence. (Note that this situation contrasts with the situation in the coastal areas, on both the
Pacific and the
Gulf Coastal sides, where syllable-final weakening is a sociolinguistic marker, reflecting the tension between the Mexico City norm and the historical tendency towards consonantal weakening that is so characteristic of coastal areas in
Spanish America.)
Mexican Spanish speakers are likely to have shifted the stress of some verbs that end in -iar, a trait common to other
languages of Spain such as
Catalán. Though this feature ocurs only in colloquial speech and is never heard in broadcasting:
★ "'Diferencía' los colores", instead of "''Diferencia'' los colores."
★ "Él 'financía' el proyecto", instead of "Él ''financia'' el proyecto."
Taps and trills
and are routinely
assibilated throughout central and southern Mexico, as while in the northern states the tap and trill predominate.
Nasals
Some Spanish speakers, like those from
Spain, pronounce final , , and as despite spelling that has the many modern Spanish words that end in 'm' (''UNAM'', ''.com''). Many other dialects also pronounce all three final nasals exactly the same, whether that be as , or as . In Mexico, final and are realized as different sounds. Final is always pronounced as , and final ' as in ''smoking'' (tuxedo) is also pronounced as .
Fricatives
On top of the usual fricatives for other American Spanish dialects (, , ), Mexican Spanish also has , represented in a variety of ways. In words coming from
Nahuatl, mostly place names, the usual spelling will be "x". The prime example would be "Xola" [ʃola]. However, since "x" also represents at least 2 other pronunciations as in "México" [me xi ko], , [ks]) many instances where "x" should be have switched pronunciation (e.g., "
Jalapa" [xa la pa], alternately spelled "Xalapa"; "
Xochimilco" [ʃo tʃi mil ko] --> [so tʃi mil ko]). (As in many modern European languages, "x" can also be pronounced as [ks].)
In Northern Mexican Spanish, tends to be replaced consistently by .
In terms of the variable, the articulation in inland Mexico is usually , as in 'caja' (box). On the coasts the normal articulation is , as in most Caribbean and Pacific coast dialects throughout Latin America.
In Spanish, before the conquest of Mexico, the letter "j" was commonly used to denote the sound "sh", particularly with respect to
Arabic names and words; for example,
Jerez de la Frontera. Today, the "j" would be pronounced as an "h" in English, but hundreds of years ago, it was pronounced as the English "sh"; hence, the origin of the word "sherry" for the famous product of Jerez de la Frontera. "Mexico" was initially spelled to reflect its
Nahuatl pronunciation, i.e. "mesheeco", hence one can find Mexico spelled "Mejico" in old documents. As the Spanish "j" was standardized to an "h" pronunciation instead of "sh", the original Nahuatl pronunciation was obscured. The use of an "x" was then more commonly employed, but was still commonly pronounced as an English "h". In all Nahuatl-derived words and place-names, the "x" is properly pronounced as an English "sh", but in Mexican Spanish, continues to be more commonly pronounced as an English "h".
Morphology
Mexican Spanish is a ''tuteante'' form of the Spanish language, ''voseo'' being confined to some parts of the state of
Chiapas , where the local Spanish rather belongs to the
Central American region. In Chiapas, the verb forms corresponding to ''vos'' are the same as in Guatemala . In other words, in the ''voseo'', only used in some parts of the state of Chiapas, the present indicative and subjunctive have oxytone forms with monophthongal endings (cantás/-és, comés/-ás, subís/-ás), the imperative has no final /d/, there is sociolinguistic variation in the future between forms in -ás and forms in -és/-ís (the latter being the less prestigious of the alternants), and the remaining ''vos'' forms are identical to those that go with ''tú'' in standard
Spanish.
''Vosotros'' (second person plural = you all – heard only in Spain) is almost unknown although it is still taught in school. Mexicans from all over the country use ''ustedes'' instead since ''vosotros'' sounds archaic and pedantic even to very educated Mexican ears.
Syntax
Several syntactic patterns that sound very 'non-standard' to the Peninsular ear are routine in Mexican Spanish. First and foremost is the more or less conventionalized ellipsis of the negative particle "no" in clauses containing the preposition "hasta" (until):
★ Será publicado hasta fines de año. (that is, 'It will ''not'' be published until the end of the year.')
★ Cierran hasta las nueve. ('They ''don't'' close until 9 o'clock.')
★ Hasta que tomé la píldora se me quitó el dolor. ('Until I took the pill, the pain did ''not'' go away.')
In each case, the sentence has the sense indicated by the
English translation only if the main verb is ''implicitly'' understood as being negated.
A departure from Peninsular usage involves using interrogative "qué" in conjunction with the quantifier "tan(to)" :
★ ¿Qué tan graves son los daños? (Whereas in
Spain the question would be posed as "¿Cuán graves son los daños?")
★ ¿Qué tan buen cocinero eres?
Note that phenomena relating to bilingualism are likely to be encountered among
bilinguals whose primary language is not Spanish or in isolated rural regions where the syntactic influence of
indigenous languages has been important historically. One of the most discussed of these phenomena is the redundant use of verbal
clitics, particularly "lo", a tendency that is encountered in language contact areas throughout
Latin America.
Lexicon
Mexican Spanish retains a number of words that are considered archaisms in Spain. Obviously, they are not seen as archaisms by the speakers of this version of the language, who make up 25% of all native Spanish speakers.
Examples of these terms would be, in requesting repetition of something not understood, the most common response in Central Mexico would be:
★ "¿Mande?" (from ''mandar'' 'to order').
★ The use of "¿Qué?" (''What?'') by its own is considered impolite, unless it is accompanied by a verb: "¿Qué dijiste?" (''What did you say?'') or "¿Qué pasó?" (''What happened?''). However, the use of ''mande'' has gradually fell into disuse and is being replaced by slangs such as "¿Eu?" or "Dime" (''say'' reference for "say what you need to tell me")
Another example is "alcancía" instead of "hucha". Other commonly heard Mexicanisms include the following: ''chamaco'' or ''escuincle'' a small child, ''chingadera'' any unspecified object (considered vulgar), ''
chingar'' (to screw/to ruin) (vulgar), ''güero'' someone with light hair and/or light skin, ''
naco'' a boorish, uneducated person (usually has strong anti-
Indian racist undertones), ''¿Qué Onda?'' What's going on?/What's up?, ''órale'' OK/All right, "Aguas!" Watch out!, "¿Cómo ves?" What do you think?, ''popote'' straw, ''ya mero'' almost, and the replacement of ''necesitar'' (to need) with ''ocupar'' (to occupy; also simply ''ocupa'', e.g., ''¿lo ocupas?''), especially in
Guadalajara.
In Mexico, the common word for a cold is ''gripa'' instead of ''gripe''. ''El radio'' refers to a
radio receiver while ''la radio'' refers to the means of communication; e.g., ''Ayer pasaron la noticia por la radio'' vs ''enchufó el radio'' (he plugged the radio in). A swimming pool is an ''alberca'' instead of ''piscina'' (used in Spain) or ''pileta'' (used in South America). Another particularity of Mexican Spanish is the use of the word "siempre" (always) meaning "after all" when it should be rendered to "a fin(al) de cuentas" (a fitter and more exact fixed expression), for example "¿Siempre no fuiste a trabajar?" instead of "¿A final de cuentas no fuiste a trabajar?"
Also, there are a number of words widely used in Mexico which have Nahuatl origins, in particular names for flora and fauna. An example would be ''guajolote'' for turkey (in other Spanish-speaking countries ''pavo'') which comes from the Nahuatl ''huaxōlōtl''. Other examples would be ''Papalote'' for ''Kite'', from the Nahuatl ''Pāpālōtl'' for ''Butterfly''; and ''Jitomate'' for ''Tomato'' from the Nahuatl ''Xītomatl''.
Dialects
Due to the size of the country, it is natural that a variety of Mexican
dialects has emerged. Some of them are clearly distinct from the other varieties (the speech of
Mexico City,
Yucatán,
Nuevo León,
Chihuahua,
Jalisco,
Veracruz and
Chiapas, for example, are easy to tell apart from each other). Differences in usage and vocabulary among the regions are common and, although standard Mexican Spanish is understood by all, sometimes the differences can lead to misunderstandings . Dialects also vary depending on the education, social level and ethnic background of the speaker.
Diminutives
In Mexico, the ''it'' style diminutive infix is the only one that is generally used to form one's own words (''cafecito'', ''cervecita'', ''chavito''), and attach to names (''Marquitos'', ''Juanito'').
The infix is also repeated quite often in Mexico as in ''chiquitita''.
Miscellaneous
★
Philippine Spanish has traditionally been influenced by Mexican Spanish.
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