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In petroleum geology, the 'maturity' of a rock is a measure of its state in terms of hydrocarbon generation. Maturity is established using a combination of geochemical and basin modelling techniques.
Organic-rich rocks (termed source rocks) will alter under increasing temperature such that the organic molecules slowly mature into hydrocarbons (see diagenesis). Source rocks are therefore broadly categorised as ''immature'' (no hydrocarbon generation), ''sub-mature'' (limited hydrocarbon generation), ''mature'' (extensive hydrocarbon generation) and ''overmature'' (most hydrocarbons have been generated).
The maturity of a source rock can also be used as an indicator of its hydrocarbon ''potential''. That is, if a rock is sub-mature, then it has a much higher potential to generate further hydrocarbons than one that is overmature.