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Maria II of Portugal

'Maria II da Gloria' (Rio de Janeiro, April 4, 1819 – November 15, 1853 in Lisbon), named ''Maria da Glória Joana Carlota Leopoldina da Cruz Francisca Xavier de Paula Isidora Micaela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga da Áustria e Bragança'' was Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1853. The daughter of the future King Pedro IV (Emperor of Brazil as Pedro I) and his first wife, Archduchess Maria Leopoldine Josepha Caroline, herself a daughter of Emperor Franz I of Austria, she was the second Queen regnant of Portugal and Algarves and the 29th (or 30th according to some historians) Portuguese monarch.
In March 1826, King João VI died, creating a succession crisis in Portugal. The king had a male heir, Dom Pedro, but Pedro had proclaimed the independence of Brazil in 1822 and he was now Emperor Pedro I of that country. The late king also had a younger son, Miguel, but he was exiled in Austria after leading a number of revolutions against his father and his liberal regime.
The king had nominated his favorite daughter, Isabel Maria, as regent until "the legitimate heir returned to the Kingdom". But he didn't specify who was the legitimate heir. Pedro, the liberal Emperor of Brazil, or Miguel, the absolutist exiled prince?
Most people considered that Pedro was the legitimate heir, but nobody wanted him to unite Portugal and Brazil's thrones again. The European country had been under Brazilian rule when both were part of The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarve, established by the King João VI during his stay in Rio de Janeiro from 1808 until 1820. Aware that his brother's supporters were ready to bring Miguel back and put him in the throne, Pedro decided for a more consensual option: he abdicated the throne to his eldest daughter, Maria da Gloria (who was only 7 years old), and she should marry her uncle Miguel, who should accept the Liberal Constitution and act as a regent until his niece was an adult.
Miguel pretended to accept, but when he arrived in Portugal he deposed Maria and proclaimed himself King, abrogating the liberal constitution in the process. During his reign of terror, Maria traveled to many European courts, including her grandfather's in Vienna, as well as to London and Paris.
Pedro abdicated the Brazilian throne in 1831 in favor of his son (and Maria's younger brother, Pedro II), and from his base in the Azores he attacked Miguel, forcing him to abdicate in 1834. Maria was thereupon restored to the throne, and obtained an annulment of her marriage.
On 26 January 1835 she married, at the age of 15, Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg, son of Eugène de Beauharnais, and grandson of Empress Josephine. He died after two months on 28 March 1835.
On 1 January 1836 she married the cultured and able Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha who ruled with her as King Consort. That title he received in 1837, in accordance with Portuguese custom, when their first child Pedro, a heir to the throne, was born.
In 1842 the Pope Gregory XVI gives Maria II a Golden Rose.
Maria's reign saw a revolutionary insurrection on May 16, 1846, but this was crushed by royalist troops on February 22, 1847, and Portugal otherwise avoided the European upheavals of 1848. Maria's reign was also notable for a public health act aimed at curbing the spread of cholera throughout the country. She also pursued policies aimed at increasing the levels of education throughout the country.
After constant pregnancies and births, doctors kept informing Maria of the danger of giving birth to nearly one child per year. She neglected the risks that had also killed her mother; "If I die, I die in my post", she said. Maria II died while giving birth to Prince Eugene in 1853. (Her mother had also died of miscarriage.)
Maria II is remembered as a good mother and a kind person, who always acted according to her convictions in an attempt to help her country. She was later given the surname "The Good Mother."

Contents

Ancestors

Marriages and descendants

See also

Ancestors

'Maria's ancestors in three generations'

'Maria II of Portugal'	'Father:' Peter I of Brazil (Peter IV of Portugal)	'Father's father:' John VI of Portugal	'Father's father's father:' Peter III of Portugal
			'Father's father's mother:' Maria I of Portugal
		'Father's mother:' Charlotte of Spain	'Father's mother's father:' Charles IV of Spain
			'Father's mother's mother:' Maria Luisa of Parma
	'Mother:' Maria Leopoldina of Austria	'Mother's father:' Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor	'Mother's father's father:' Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
			'Mother's father's mother:' Maria Luisa of Spain
		'Mother's mother:' Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies	'Mother's mother's father:' Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
			'Mother's mother's mother:' Marie Caroline of Austria

Marriages and descendants

Maria first married Auguste Charles, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, son of Eugène de Beauharnais, grandson of Empress Josephine, who died soon arriving in Portugal. She married again to Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, son of Ferdinand August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and his wife Maria Antoniette Gabrielle of Kohari.

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
'Auguste, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg' (December 9 1810-March 28 1835; married in 1835)
'By Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg- and Gotha' (October 29 1816-December 15 1885; married on April 9 1836)
Peter V	September 16 1837	November 11 1861	Who succeeded his mother as Peter V, the 31st (or according to some historians 32nd) King of Portugal.
Luís I	October 31 1838	October 19 1889	Who succeeded his brother Peter as the 32nd (or according to some historians 33rd) King of Portugal.
Infanta Maria	October 4 1840	October 4 1840
Infante João	March 16 1842	December 27 1861	Duke of Beja
Infanta Maria Ana	August 21 1843	February 5 1884	Married King George of Saxony and was mother of King Frederick August III of Saxony.
Infanta Antónia	February 17 1845	December 27 1913	Married Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern and was the mother of King Ferdinand I of Romania.
Infante Fernando	July 23 1846	November 6 1861	Died of cholera in 1861.
Infante Augusto	November 4 1847	September 26 1889	Duke of Coimbra.
Infante Leopoldo	May 7 1849	May 7 1849
Infanta Maria da Glória	February 3 1851	February 3 1851
Infante Eugénio	November 15 1853	November 15 1853

''See also:'' List of Portuguese monarchs

See also

★ War of the Two Brothers''
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