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'Marvel Comics' is an American comic book line published by Marvel Publishing, Inc., a division of Marvel Entertainment, Inc.
Sometimes referred to as "The House of Ideas", Marvel counts among its characters such well-known properties as Spider-Man, the X-Men and their member Wolverine, the Fantastic Four, the Hulk, Thor, Captain America, Iron Man, Daredevil and many others. Most of Marvel's fictional characters are depicted as inhabiting a single shared world; this continuity is known as the Marvel Universe.
The comic book arm of the company was founded in 1939 as Timely Publications^[1] and was generally known as Atlas Comics in the 1950s. Marvel's modern incarnation dates from the early 1960s, with the launching of ''Fantastic Four'' and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, etc. Marvel has since become one of the largest American comics companies, along with DC Comics.

Contents

History

Timely Comics

Atlas Comics

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

Marvel goes public

2000s

Editors-in-chief

Offices

Marvel characters in other media

Television programs

Films

Imprints

Defunct

See also

Footnotes

References

External links

History

Timely Comics

Main articles: Timely Comics


Marvel Comics was founded by pulp-magazine publisher Martin Goodman in 1939 as Timely Publications, based at his existing company at 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, New York. Goodman's official titles were editor, managing editor, and business manager, with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher.¹ The company's roots go back further, to Goodman's first Western pulp, in 1933. A precursor of one Marvel character, the jungle lord Ka-Zar, first appeared in a 1936 pulp; he was adapted to a comic-book story in the first Timely Comics release, and the name became that of a different Marvel jungle lord introduced in the 1960s.
Timely's first publication was ''Marvel Comics'' #1 (Oct. 1939), contained the first appearance of Carl Burgos' android superhero, the Human Torch, and the first generally available appearance of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, among other features. The contents of that sales blockbuster^[2] were supplied by an outside packager, Funnies, Inc., but by the following year Timely had a staff in place. With the second issue the series title changed to ''Marvel Mystery Comics''.
The company's first true editor, writer-artist Joe Simon, teamed with soon-to-be industry legend Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes, Captain America, in ''Captain America Comics #1'' (March 1941). It, too, proved a major sales hit, with a circulation of nearly one million.²
While no other Timely character would be as successful as these "big three", some notable heroes — many continuing to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks — include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and Paul Gustavson's Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, "Powerhouse Pepper".^{[3] [4]}

Atlas Comics

: Main articles: Atlas Comics (1950s)

Sales of all comic books declined drastically in the post-war era as the superheroic ''übermensch'' archetype popular during the Depression and the war years went out of fashion. Like other comics companies, Timely — generally known as Atlas Comics in the 1950s — followed pop-cultural trends with a variety of genres, including funny animals, Western, horror, war, crime, humor, romance, spy fiction and even fantasy, all with varying degrees of success. An attempted superhero revival from 1953 to 1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner and Captain America, lasted only from late 1953 to mid-1954.
From 1952 to late 1956, Goodman distributed his comics to newsstands through his self-owned distributor, Atlas. He then switched to American News Company, the nation's largest distributor and a virtual monopoly — which shortly afterward lost a Justice Department lawsuit and discontinued the business. As historian and author Gerard Jones explains, the company in 1956

The final comic to bear the Atlas globe logo was ''Dippy Duck'' #1, one of the company's two releases with an October 1957 cover date. The other ''Patsy Walker'' #73, was the first both without the globe with the "Ind." tag.
Although Timely's titles occasionally used a cover treatment reading "A Marvel Magazine" as early as ''All Surprise Comics'' #12 (Winter 1946/47; see logo below), and though for several months in 1949 and 1950 the company's comics bore a circular logo labeled "Marvel Comic", the first comic book formally branded as "Marvel Comics" was the science-fiction anthology ''Amazing Adventures'' #3, which showed the "MC" box on its cover. Cover-dated August 1961, it was published May 9, 1961.^[5]
At that point, Goodman attempted a new direction by following the current drive-in science fiction-movie trend, launching or revamping six titles to offer that genre of story: ''Strange Worlds'' #1; ''World of Fantasy'' #15; ''Strange Tales'' #67; ''Journey into Mystery'' #50; ''Tales of Suspense'' #1; and ''Tales to Astonish'' #1. Their space-fantasy tales proved unsuccessful, and by the end of 1959, most of these titles (''Strange Worlds'' and ''World of Fantasy'' being canceled) were devoted to B-movie monsters. Most featured a line-up of Jack Kirby-drawn stories (often inked by Dick Ayers) followed by Don Heck's atmospheric rendering of jungle/prison escapes and weird adventures, or stories by artists such as Paul Reinman or Joe Sinnott, followed by a Stan Lee-Steve Ditko twist-ending bagatelle, which were sometimes daringly self-reflexive.^[6]
Marvel also expanded its line of girl-humor titles during this time, introducing ''Kathy'' ("the teen-age tornado!") (Oct. 1959) and the short-lived ''Linda Carter, Student Nurse'' (Sept. 1961).

1960s

In the wake of DC Comics' success reviving superheroes in the late 1950s and early 1960s, particularly with The Justice League of America, Marvel decided to follow suit.^[7]
Editor/writer Stan Lee and freelance artist Jack Kirby created the Fantastic Four, reminiscent of the non-superpowered adventuring quartet the Challengers of the Unknown that Kirby had created for DC in 1957. Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a "superheroes in the real world" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success. Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Spider-Man, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men and Daredevil, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus. The most successful new series was ''The Amazing Spider-Man'', by Lee and Ditko. Marvel even lampooned itself and other comics companies in a parody comic, ''Not Brand Echh'' (a play on Marvel's dubbing of other companies as "Brand Echh", a la the then-common phrase "Brand X").^[8]
Marvel's comics were noted for focusing on characterization to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them. This was true of ''The Amazing Spider-Man'', in particular. Its young hero suffered from self-doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager. Marvel superheroes are often flawed, freaks, and misfits, unlike the perfect, handsome, athletic heroes found in previous traditional comic books. Some Marvel heroes looked like villains and monsters. In time, this non-traditional approach would revolutionize comic books.
Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s,
Lee became one of the best-known names in comics, with his charming personality and relentless salesmanship of the company. His "voice" permeates the stories, the letters and news pages, and even the hyperbolic house ads of many of the Marvel Comics of the first half of the 1960s: his sense of humor and generally lighthearted manner, and the exaggerated depiction of the Bullpen (Lee's name for the staff) as one big, happy family. The artists — who eventually co-plotted the stories based on the busy Lee's rough synopsis or even simple spoken concept, in what became known as the Marvel Method — contributed greatly to Marvel's product and success. Kirby in particular is generally credited for many of the cosmic ideas and characters of ''Fantastic Four'' and ''The Mighty Thor'', such as the Watcher, the Silver Surfer and Ego the Living Planet, while Steve Ditko is recognized as the driving artistic force behind the moody atmosphere and street-level naturalism of ''Spider-Man'' and the surreal atmosphere of ''Dr. Strange''. Lee, however, continues to receive credit for his well-honed skills at dialogue and story sense, for his keen hand at choosing and motivating artists and assembling creative teams, and for his uncanny ability to connect with the readers. These included nickname endearments in the credits and in the monthly "Bullpen Bulletins" and letters pages, with readers given humanizing hype about the likes of artists and writers "Jolly Jack Kirby", "Rascally Roy Thomas", "Jazzy Johnny Romita" and others, right down to letterers "Swingin' Sammy Rosen" and "Adorable Artie Simek".

Lesser-known staffers during the company's industry-changing growth in the 1960s (some of whom worked primarily for Marvel publisher Martin Goodman's umbrella magazine corporation) included circulation manager Johnny Hayes, subscriptions person Nancy Murphy, bookkeeper Doris Siegler, merchandising person Chip Goodman (son of publisher Martin) and Arthur Jeffrey, described in the December 1966 "Bullpen Bulletin" as "keeper of our MMMS [Merry Marvel Marching Society] files, guardian of our club coupons and defender of the faith".
In the fall of 1968, company founder Goodman sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing businesses to the 'Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation'. It grouped these businesses in a subsidiary called 'Magazine Management Co.' Goodman remained as publisher.^[9]

1970s

In 1970, Stan Lee saw the opportunity to market a British audience without using reprinted American material. In October 1976, Marvel created "a British hero for British people", Captain Britain, first released exclusively in Britain and later in America.
In 1971, Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Stan Lee was approached by the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to do a comic book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story portraying drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. However, the industry's self-censorship board, the Comics Code Authority, refused to approve the story because of the presence of narcotics, deeming the context of the story irrelevant. Lee, with Goodman's approval, published the story regardless in ''The Amazing Spider-Man'' #96-98 (May-July 1971), without CCA approval. The storyline was well-received and the CCA's argument for denying its approval was criticized as counterproductive. The Code was subsequently revised the same year.^[10]

Goodman retired as publisher in 1972 and was succeeded by Lee, who stepped aside from running day-to-day operations at Marvel. A series of new editors-in-chief oversaw the company during another slow time for the industry. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify, and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate success with titles themed to horror (''Tomb of Dracula''), martial arts, ''(''), sword-and-sorcery (''Conan the Barbarian'', ''Red Sonja''), satire (''Howard the Duck'') and science fiction ("Killraven" in ''Amazing Adventures''). Some of these were published in larger-sized black-and-white magazines, targeted for mature readers. Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comics line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972, during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux. Goodman increase the price and size of Marvel's November 1971 cover-dated comics from 15 cents for 36 pages total to 25 cents for 52 pages. DC followed suit, but Marvel the following month dropped its comics to 20 cents for 36 pages, offering a lower-priced product with a higher distributor discount.^[11]
In 1973, Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation changed its name to 'Cadence Industries', which in turn renamed Magazine Management Co. as 'Marvel Comics Group'. Goodman, now completely disconnected from Marvel, created a new company called Atlas/Seaboard Comics in 1974, reviving Marvel's old Atlas name, but this project lasted only a year-and-a-half.^[12]
In the mid-1970s, Marvel was affected by a decline of the newsstand distribution network. Cult hits such as ''Howard the Duck'' were the victims of the distribution problems, with some titles reporting low sales when in fact they were being resold at a later date in the first specialty comic-book stores. An attempt by Marvel to buy DC was frustrated by DC's refusal to sell its entire library of characters (wanting to retain control of Superman and Batman), and DC was later folded into Warner Communications by owner Kinney National Company.
By the end of the decade, Marvel's fortunes were reviving, thanks to the rise of direct market distribution (selling through those same comics-specialty stores instead of newsstands) and the sales increase of previously borderline books — such as the canceled '60s title ''The Uncanny X-Men'', revived to become a hit series under the team of writer Chris Claremont and artist John Byrne, or the more naturalistic, urban-crime superhero comic ''Daredevil'', by writer/artist Frank Miller.

1980s

By the 1980s, one-time DC wunderkind Jim Shooter was Marvel's Editor-in-Chief. Although a controversial personality, Shooter cured many of the procedural ills at Marvel (including repeatedly missed deadlines) and oversaw a creative renaissance at the company. This renaissance included institutionalizing creator royalties, starting the Epic imprint for creator-owned material in 1982, and launching a brand-new (albeit ultimately unsuccessful) line named New Universe, to commemorate Marvel's 25th anniversary, in 1986. However, Shooter was responsible for the introduction of the company-wide crossover (''Contest of Champions'', ''Secret Wars'') and was accused by many creators, especially near the end of his tenure, of exercising his job in a draconian manner and interfering with the writers' creative process.
In 1981 Marvel purchased the DePatie-Freleng Enterprises animation studio from famed Looney Tunes director Friz Freleng and his business partner David H. DePatie. The company was renamed Marvel Productions and it produced well-known animated TV series and movies featuring such characters as G.I. Joe, The Transformers, Jim Henson's Muppet Babies, and such TV series as ''Dungeons & Dragons'', as well as cartoons based on Marvel characters, including ''Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends''.
In 1986, Marvel was sold to New World Entertainment, which within three years sold it to MacAndrews and Forbes, owned by Revlon executive Ronald Perelman. Perelman took the company public on the New York Stock Exchange and oversaw a great increase in the number of titles Marvel published. As part of the process, Marvel Productions sold its back catalog to Saban Entertainment (acquired in 2001 by Disney), and Marvel management closed the animation studio, opting to outsource.

1990s

Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the early decade's comic-book boom, launching the highly successful 2099 line of comics set in the future (''Spider-Man 2099'', etc.) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Clive Barker. Yet by the middle of the decade, the industry had slumped and Marvel filed for bankruptcy amidst investigations of Perelman's financial activities regarding the company.
In 1990, Marvel began selling Marvel Universe Cards with trading card maker Impel. These were collectible trading cards that featured the characters and events of the Marvel Universe, which would spawn several more series of cards and imitations by DC.
Marvel in 1992 acquired Fleer Corporation, known primarily for its trading cards, and shortly thereafter created Marvel Studios, devoted to film and TV projects. Avi Arad became director of that division in 1993, with production accelerating in 1998 following the success of the film ''Blade''.
In 1994, Marvel acquired the comic book distributor Heroes World to use as its own exclusive distributor. As the industry's other major publishers made exclusive distribution deals with other companies, the ripple effect resulted in the survival of only one other major distributor in North America, Diamond Comic Distributors Inc.
Creatively and commercially, the '90s were dominated by the use of gimmickry to boost sales, such as variant covers, cover enhancements, regular company-wide crossovers that threw the universe's continuity into disarray, and even special swimsuit issues. In 1996, Marvel had almost all its titles participate in the Onslaught Saga, a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters, such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four, in the Heroes Reborn universe, in which Marvel defectors Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld were given permission to revamp the properties from scratch. After an initial sales bump, sales quickly declined below expected levels, and Marvel discontinued the experiment after a one-year run; the characters returned to the Marvel Universe proper. In 1998, the company launched the imprint Marvel Knights, taking place within Marvel continuity; helmed by soon-to-become editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, and featuring tough, gritty stories showcasing such characters as the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil, it achieved substantial success.

Marvel goes public

In 1991, Pereleman took Marvel public in a stock offering underwritten by Merrill Lynch and First Boston Corporation. Following the rapid rise of this immediately popular stock, Perleman issued a series of junk bonds that he used to acquire other children's entertainment companies. Many of these bond offerings were purchased by Carl Icahn Partners, which later wielded much control during Marvel's court-ordered reorganization after Marvel went bankrupt in 1996. In 1997, after protracted legal battles, control landed in the hands of Isaac Perlmutter, owner of the Marvel subsidiary Toy Biz. With his business partner Avi Arad, publisher Bill Jemas, and editor-in-chief Bob Harras, Perlmutter helped revitalize the comics line.

2000s

With the new millennium, Marvel Comics escaped from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from the era to not have the code was ''X-Force'' #119 (Oct. 2001). It also created new imprints, such as MAX, a line intended for mature readers, and Marvel Age, developed for younger audiences. In addition to this is the highly successful Ultimate Marvel imprint, which allowed Marvel to reboot their major titles by deconstructing and updating its major superhero and villain characters to introduce to a new generation. This imprint exists in a universe parallel to mainstream Marvel continuity, allowing writers and artists freedom from the characters' convoluted history and the ability to redesign them, and to maintain their other ongoing series without replacing the established continuity. This also allowed Marvel to capitalize on an influx of new readers unfamiliar with comics but familiar with the characters through the film and TV franchises. The company has also revamped its graphic novel division, establishing a bigger presence in the bookstore market. As of 2007, Marvel remains a key comics publisher, even as the industry has dwindled to a fraction of its peak size decades earlier.
Stan Lee, no longer officially connected to the company save for the title of "Chairman Emeritus", remains a visible face in the industry. In 2002, he sued successfully for a share of income related to movies and merchandising of Marvel characters, based on a contract between Lee and Marvel from the late 1990s; according to court documents, Marvel had used "Hollywood accounting" to claim that those projects' "earnings" were not profits. Marvel Comics' parent company Marvel Entertainment continues to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange as MVL. Some of its characters have been turned into successful film franchises, the highest-grossing being those of the X-Men, starting in 2000, and Spider-Man, beginning in 2002^[13]
In 2006, Marvel's fictional crossover event "Civil War" established federal superhero registration in the Marvel universe, creating a political and ethical schism throughout it. Also that year, Marvel created its own wiki.^[14]

Editors-in-chief

The Marvel editor-in-chief oversees the largest-scale creative decisions taken within the company. While the fabled Stan Lee held great authority during the decades when publisher Martin Goodman privately held his company, of which the comics division was a relatively small part, his successors have been to greater and lesser extents subject to corporate management.
The position evolved sporadically. In the earliest years, the company had a single editor overseeing the entire line. As the company grew, it became increasingly common for individual titles to be overseen separately. The concept of the "writer-editor" evolved, stemming from when Lee wrote and managed most of the line's output. Overseeing the line in the 1970s was a series of chief editors, though the titles were used intermittently. Confusing matters further, some appear to have been appointed merely by extending their existing editorial duties. By the time Jim Shooter took the post in 1978, the position of editor-in-chief was clearly defined.,
In 1994, Marvel briefly abolished the position, replacing Tom DeFalco with five "group editors", though each held the title "editor-in-chief" and had some editors underneath them. It reinstated the overall editor-in-chief position later in the year, installing Bob Harras. Joe Quesada became editor-in-chief in 2000.

★ Joe Simon (1939-1941)

★ Stan Lee (1941-1942)

★ Vincent Fago (acting editor during Lee's military service) (1942-1945)

★ Stan Lee (1945-1972)

★ Roy Thomas (1972-1974)

★ Len Wein (1974-1975)

★ Marv Wolfman (black-and-white magazines 1974-1975, entire line 1975-1976)

★ Gerry Conway (1976)

★ Archie Goodwin (1976-1978)

★ Jim Shooter (1978-1987)

★ Tom DeFalco (1987-1994)

★ ''No overall editor-in-chief'' (1994-1995)

★ Bob Harras (1995-2000)

★ Joe Quesada (2000-)

Offices

Located in New York City, Marvel has been successively headquartered in the McGraw-Hill Building (where it originated as Timely Comics in 1939); in suite 1401 of the Empire State Building; at 635 Madison Avenue (the actual location, though the comic books' indicia listed the parent publishing-company's address of 625 Madison Ave.); 575 Madison Avenue; 387 Park Avenue South; 10 East 40th Street; and 417 Fifth Avenue.

Marvel characters in other media

Marvel characters and stories have been adapted to many other media. Some of these adaptations were produced by Marvel, while others were produced by companies licensing Marvel material.

Television programs

Main articles: List of television programs based on Marvel Comics

Many television series, both live action and animated, have been based on Marvel Comics characters. These include multiple series for popular characters such as Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four. Of particular note were the animated series from the mid to late 90's, which were all part of the same Marvel animated universe.
Additionally, a handful of television movies based on Marvel Comics characters have been made.

Films

Main articles: List of films based on Marvel Comics

Marvel characters have been adapted into films including the ''Blade'', ''Spider-Man'', and ''X-Men'' trilogies; the ''Fantastic Four'', ''Hulk'', and ''The Punisher'' duologies; ''Daredevil'', ''Elektra'', ''Ghost Rider'', ''Iron Man'', and '' Man-Thing''.
Additionally, a series of direct-to-video animated films began in 2006 with ''Ultimate Avengers''.

Imprints

★ Marvel Next

★ Icon Comics

★ Marvel Adventures

★ Marvel Knights

★ MC2

★ MAX

★ Ultimate Marvel

Defunct

★ Amalgam Comics

★ Curtis Magazines

★ Epic Comics

★ Marvel 2099

★ Marvel Absurd

★ Marvel Age

★ Malibu Comics

★ Marvel Edge

★ Marvel Music

★ Marvel UK

★ New Universe

★ Paramount Comics

★ Razorline

★ Star Comics

★ Tsunami

See also

★ Marvel Multiverse

★ Major Events of the Marvel Universe

★ List of Marvel Comics alien races

★ List of Marvel Comics characters

★ List of Marvel Comics cosmic entities

★ List of Marvel Comics movies

★ List of Marvel Comics people

★ List of Marvel Comics publications

★ List of Marvel Comics teams and organizations

★ Marvel Golden Age characters

★ ''Toy Biz v. United States''

Footnotes

1. Per statement of ownership, dated Oct. 2, 1939, published in ''Marvel Mystery Comics'' #4 (Feb. 1940), p. 40; reprinted in ''Marvel Masterworks: Golden Age Marvel Comics'' Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2004, ISBN 0-7851-1609-5), p. 239
2. Per researcher Keif Fromm, ''Alter Ego'' #49, p. 4 (caption), ''Marvel Comics'' #1, cover-dated October 1939, quickly sold out 80,000 copies, prompting Goodman to produce a second printing, cover-dated November 1939. The latter is identical except for a black bar over the October date in the inside-front-cover indicia, and the November date added at the end. That sold approximately 800,000 copies. Per Fromm also, the first issue of ''Captain America Comics'' sold nearly one million copies.
3. Grand Comics Database: "Powerhouse Pepper"
4. ''A Smithsonian Book of Comic-Book Comics'' (Smithsonian Institution / Harry N. Abrams, 1981)
5. Library of Congress copyright information at Grand Comics Database: ''Amazing Adventures'' #3
6. Hembeck.com (Nov. 12 2004): "Tales of the Mysterious Mr. Ditko (and the Not-So-Mysterious Mr. Lee...)", by Fred Hembeck
7. Apocryphal legend has it that in 1961, Timely and Atlas publisher Martin Goodman was playing golf with either Jack Liebowitz or Irwin Donenfeld of rival DC Comics, then known as National Periodical Publications, who bragged about DC's success with the Justice League (which had debuted in ''The Brave and the Bold'' #28 [Feb. 1960] before going on to its own title).
However, film producer and comics historian Michael Uslan partly debunked the story in a letter published in ''Alter Ego'' #43 (Dec. 2004), pp. 43-44: Goodman, a publishing trend-follower aware of the JLA's strong sales, confirmably directed his comics editor, Stan Lee, to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee in ''Origins of Marvel Comics'' (Simon and Schuster/Fireside Books, 1974), p. 16:

8. ''Time'' (Oct. 31, 1960): "The Real Brand X"
9. Daniels, Les, ''Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics'' (Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1991), p. 139. ISBN 0-8109-3821-9.
10. Nyberg, Amy Kiste. ''Seal of Approval: History of the Comics Code''. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, Miss., 1998
11. Daniels, Ibid., pp.154-155
12. Atlas Archives
13. Box Office Moho: Marvel Comics
14. Marvel Universe wiki

References

★ Marvel Entertainment official site

★ The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe

★ Marvel Guide: An Unofficial Handbook of the Marvel Universe

★ ''All in Color for a Dime'' by Dick Lupoff & Don Thompson ISBN 0-87341-498-5

★ ''The Comic Book Makers'' by Joe Simon with Jim Simon ISBN 1-887591-35-4

★ ''Excelsior! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee'' by Stan Lee and George Mair ISBN 0-684-87305-2

★ ''Jack Kirby: The TCJ Interviews'', Milo George, ed. (Fantagraphics Books, Inc., 2001). ISBN 1-56097-434-6

★ ''Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics'', by Les Daniels (Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1991) ISBN 0-8109-3821-9

★ ''Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book'' by Gerard Jones (Basic Books, 2004) trade paperback ISBN 0-465-03657-0

★ ''Origins of Marvel Comics'' by Stan Lee ISBN 0-7851-0579-4

★ ''The Steranko History of Comics'', Vol. 1 by James Steranko ISBN 0-517-50188-0

★ ''Tales to Astonish: Jack Kirby, Stan Lee and the American Comic Book Revolution'' by Ronin Ro (Bloomsbury, 2004) ISBN 1-58234-345-4

★ A Timely Talk with Allen Bellman

★ Atlas Tales

★ The Marvel/Atlas Super-Hero Revival of the Mid-1950s

★ ''Jack Kirby Collector'' #25: "More Than Your Average Joe"

★ Clive Barker official site: Comics

★ Independent Heroes from the USA: Clive Barker's Razorline

★ ''Buzzscope'' (June 23, 2005): "Addicted to Comics" #10 (column) by Jim Salicrup

★ Daredevil: The Man Without Fear fan site: Marv Wolfman interview

External links

★ Big Comic Book DataBase: Marvel Comics

★ Marvel Directory

★ Ultimate Central

★ Toy Biz

★ The Jack Kirby Museum & Research Center

★ Marvel Comics Group 1939-1980