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'Manglish' (or sometimes 'Malglish' or 'Mangled English') is the colloquial version of the English language as spoken in Malaysia and it is a portmanteau of the word Malay and English (also possibly Mandarin and English). The Malaysian Manglish is sometimes known as Rojak or Rojak Language ''(Bahasa Rojak)''.

Contents

History

Manglish Particles

Evolution

Words and grammar

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Exclamations

Grammar

Other usage

See also

History

Manglish shares substantial linguistic similarities with Singaporean English (Singlish) in Singapore, although distinctions can be made, particularly in vocabulary. Some chinese in Malaysia speak singlish as singlish is less influenced by bahasa melayu.

Initially, "Singlish" and "Manglish" were essentially the same language, when Singapore and Malaysia were a single geographic entity: Malaya. In old Malaya, English was the language of the British administration whilst Malay was spoken as the lingua franca of the street. Thus, even the Chinese would revert to Malay when speaking to Chinese people who did not speak the same Chinese dialect.
Theoretically, English as spoken in Malaysia is based on British English and called Malaysian English. British spelling is generally followed. However, the influence of American English modes of expression and slang is strong, particularly among Malaysian youth.
Since 1968, Malay, or ''Bahasa Melayu'', has been the country's sole official language. While English is widely used, many Malay words have become part of common usage in informal English or Manglish. An example is suffixing sentences with ''lah'', as in, "Don't be so worried-lah", which is usually used to present a sentence as rather light-going and not so serious, the suffix has no specific meaning. However, Chinese dialects also make abundant use of the suffix ''lah'' and there is some disagreement as to which language it was originally borrowed from. There is also a strong influence from Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien, and Tamil, which are other major dialects and languages spoken in Malaysia. Manglish also uses some archaic British terms from the era of British colonisation (see "gostan" and "outstation" below).

Manglish Particles

'Word'	'Meaning'	'Example'
lah	Used to affirm a statement (similar to "of course"). Frequently used at the end of sentences and usually ends with an exclamation mark (!). It is derived from and has the same meaning as the Chinese expression "啦".	Don't be an idiot 'lah!'
nah	Used when giving something to another person, often in a rude or impolite way.	'Nah', take this!
meh	Used when asking questions, especially when a person is skeptical of something. Derived from the Chinese expression "咩".	Really 'meh'?Cannot 'meh'?
liao	Means "already" Derived from the Chinese expression "了".	No more stock 'liao'.
ah	Derived from the Chinese expression "啊". Used at the end of sentences, unlike 'meh' the question is rhetorical. Also used when asking a genuine question. Besides that, some people use it when referring to a subject before making a (usually negative) comment.	Why is he like that 'ah'?Is that true 'ah'?My brother 'ah', always disturb me!
lor	Used when explaining something. Derived from the Chinese expression "咯".	Like that 'lor'!
d/ady/edy/ridy	Derived from the word "already". Often used in online chatroom by the youth in Malaysia, although in speech, speakers will often pronounce as 'ridy'	I eat 'd' 'loh', I eat 'ridy'
le	Used to soften an order, thus making it less harsh. Derived from the Chinese expression "了".	Give me that 'le'.
one	Used as an emphasis at the end of a sentence. It is believed to derive from the Chinese way of suffixing "的" at sentences.	Why is he so naughty 'one' (ah)?
what	Unlike British/American English, the word 'what' is often used as an exclamation mark, not just to ask a question.	'What!' How could you do that?I didn't take it, 'what'.
got/have	Used as a literal translation from the Malay word 'ada'. The arrangement of words is often also literally translated. This particular particle is widely abused in Manglish, mainly because of the difficulty for the Manglish speaker of comprehending the various correct uses of the English verb 'to have'. Therefore, 'got' is substituted for every tense of the verb.	You 'got/have' anything to do? (Kamu ada apa-apa untuk buat?)I got already/got/will get my car from the garage. Got or not? (Really?) Where got? (To deny something, as in Malay "Mana ada?")

manglish can be divided into two:
1.manglish 1=refer to the english of the english-medium educated where english is still a true second language; being used by its speakers in everyday conversation
2.manglish 2=refer to the english of the malay-medium educated where english 'has a definite foreign/second language appearances. for some its speakers, it appears to be a foreign language, rarely used in oral communication and even less in writing and reading.
manglish 1 can be standard ME
-with the exception of a minority of malaysian speakers who have been educated abroad and have achieved near-native speaker proficiency generally speaking.
manglish 2 can be sub-standard ME /local dielect
-it has all the features of the first variety of manglish.
besides, at the lexical level, limited lexis is used and consequently , a number of words serve a variety of functions, giving extended meanings not normally accepted in standard british english.

Evolution

Speakers of Manglish from the country's different ethnic groups tend to intersperse varying amounts of expressions or interjections from their mother tongue - be it Malay, Chinese or Indian - which, in some cases, qualifies as a form of code-switching.
Verbs or adjectives from other languages often have English affixes, and conversely sentences may be constructed using English words in another language's syntax. People tend to translate phrases directly from their first languages into English, for instance, "on the light" instead of "''turn'' on the light". Or sometimes, "open the light", translated directly from Chinese.
Due to exposure to other languages and dialects, particularly within the national school system, members of a particular ethnic group may be familiar with phrases or expressions originating from languages other than their mother tongue and may, in fact, apply them in their daily speech, regardless of the ethnicity of their audience. This is especially true in the case of interjections and vulgar slang.
Of late, Malaysians have been more creative and more Malay and Chinese words have been converging with English words. It's very simple, just find a Malay or Chinese verb, and add the word "-ing", "-fied", "-able" etc.

Words and grammar

Nouns

★ "barsket" - derived from 'bastard', general derogatory term. May also be derived from 'basket case'.

★ "bladibarsket" - derived from 'bloody bastard', profane derogatory term.

★ "kapster" - a nosy or talkative person; can also be used as an adjective, e.g., "I hate them because they are so ''kapster''." Contraction of the Malay verb "cakap", ''to speak'', plus ''-ster'' (probably from analogy with English words such as "trickster").

★ "maluation" - embarrassment, from Malay "''malu''" + English "''-ation''".

★ "outstation" - out of town (e.g., going ''outstation'').

★ "terrer" - (pronounced as the English "terror") Refers to someone or something being awesomely amazing or good (e.g., "Bloody hell, that guy is ''terrer!''").

Adjectives

★ "action/askyen/eksyen" - show-offy (due to confusion of the usage of the Malay word "berlagak", which can either mean "show off" or "to act")

★ "aiksy/lan si" - arrogant, overconfident. 'Aiksy' possibly derived from 'acting up'; 'lan si' is of Cantonese origin.

★ "blur" - confused, out-of-it. Roughly equivalent to "spacey" in American slang.

★ "slumber" - relaxed, laid-back; possibly a conflation of the Malay "selamba", meaning nonchalant, and the English "slumber".

★ "pai-seh" - ashamed, embarrassed/embarrassing. 'pai seh' is of Hokkien origin [Eg: I kena punish lah... very pai-seh eh!].

★ "chop" - stamp (of approval). (Due to confusion of the usage of the Malay word "cop". [Eg. I got the chop for my letter from the office lah.])

Verbs

★ "business" - a euphemism for bodily functions conducted in the toilet. One can do big business or small business.

★ "cabut/cantas" - to run off, flee or to escape ('Cabut' is a Malay word meaning to pull or pulling out as a transitive verb, or to become detached as an intransitive verb.)

★ "gostan" - reverse a vehicle, apparently from the nautical term "go astern" (mostly used in Kelantan, Kedah and Penang). Sometimes also expressed as "gostan balik" (lit., ''reverse back'').

★ "jadi" - happened, succeeded (derived from the Malay word 'jadi', and may sometimes mean 'so' as in, "''Jadi?''" = "So what?")

★ "jalan" - to walk (Malay)

★ "kantoi" - to get caught ("I kena ''kantoi''..." means, "I got shafted/reprimanded/caught")

★ "kena" - to get caught/punished; often used like a noun ("I sure ''kena'' if I cheat") or (I need to 'kena' a joint o_0"). From the Malay passive verb "kena".

★ "kill" - to punish/scold/cause trouble to someone ("If you're not careful ah, this guy will ''kill'' you")

★ "makan" - to eat (Malay)

★ "minum" - to drink (Malay)

★ "on/off" - to ''turn'' something on or off, respectively (e.g. "Don't forget to ''off'' the fan.")

★ "pengsan" - to faint (Malay)

★ "pon" - to skip school/play truant (from Malay "ponteng", meaning the same)

★ "saman" - to issue a fine, usually in relation to a traffic offence, from "summons".

★ "sit" - since this is the word used for riding in a vehicle in Malay and in Chinese dialects, it is used in the same way in English, e.g. "''sit'' bus"

★ "tahan" - to stand, to bear ("Cannot tahan her perfume! So strong!"). From Malay "tahan", to endure, to withstand.

★ "tumpang-ing" - riding in someone else's vehicle or lodging at someone else's house, from the Malay verb "''tumpang''" + "-ing"

★ "yam-cha" - socializing with friends in "mamak stall" Derived from the "Yum Cha" used in Cantonese.

★ (any Malay word) + "ing" - doing a certain action ("''Tengah makan''" or "I'm eating right now" is shortened to "''Makan-ing' and "He's the one cheating me!" equates to 'He's d one dat tipu-ing me leh..' ")

Exclamations

★ "Alamak": exclamation of surprise or shock. (E.g. "Alamak!" ''(Oh no!)'')

★ "Best/Syok/Syiok": indicates the object as superlatively good. ''"Syok/shiok" is from the Hokkien word for sexual arousal or pleasure. (Shiok is also a chain of novelty shops, although it could also be possible that the word stems from the English word "shock" in the context of seeing something shocking).''

★ "Die/Finish/Gone/Habis/Mampus/Mampui/Sei/tiu-lor(死)" - generic exclamations to indicate "trouble", used like the English "damn it" or "to face the music". "''sei''" is usually pronounced as its Cantonese equivalent, "die". (E.g. Today he ''die'' because of that loan shark). ''(Today, he is in trouble because of the loan sharks The word "die" does not mean to die literally)''

★ "Fooi sheh/Foo yoh/Foo lamak" - exclamation of amazement/wonder/marvel. (E.g. Foooooi sheh, his hair so jinjang!)

★ "Jinjang" - a term to explain one's appearance, being out of fashion or old-fashioned. Sometimes it is used to refer to people who act rudely or uncivilized in public. (''Jinjang is also a sub-urban town in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia''). (E.g. The guys over there are so ''jinjang''!).

Grammar

★ "(Subject + predicate), is it?" - this is often used as a question. "It" doesn't refer to the subject, but rather to the entire preceding clause ("Is it so?") This is comparable to the French phrase “n’est-ce pas?” (literally “isn’t it?”)

Other usage

The word 'Manglish' is also used to describe the colloquial South Indian–accented English that is often interlarded with Malayalam.
Manglish (manga in English) is also the name of an interactive cartoon feature in the Mainichi Daily News, Japan's major English-language online newspaper. Manga, or Japanese comics, are displayed on the Web site in their original format, but English translations of the Japanese characters can be seen by mousing over the speech balloons. http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/entertainment/etc/manglish/index.html

See also

★ Malaysian English

★ Malaysian English vocabulary

★ British and Malaysian English differences