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'' '' (pl. manga) is the Japanese word for comics and print cartoons. The Chinese characters are also used in Chinese language to denote the same meaning. The creators of these comics are called mangaka. Outside of Japan, it refers specifically to comics originally published in Japan. As of 2007, manga represents a multi-billion dollar global market.^[1] Manga developed from a mixture of ''ukiyo-e'' and foreign styles of drawing, and took its current form shortly after World War II. Recently, Manga are read by almost all Japanese social classes and age groups. Themes include sports, romance, historical drama, comedy, soap operas, fantasy, mystery and horror.
It comes mainly in black and white, except for the covers and sometimes the first few pages; in some Animanga (anime printed in manga style) all the pages are colored. They usually originate in Japan, China, or other East Asian countries.
Popular manga are often adapted into anime (Japanese for animation) once a market interest has been established. Adapted stories are often modified to appeal to a more mainstream market. Although not as common, original anime is sometimes adapted into manga.
There is a popular misconception in English speaking countries that the word "manga" refers to Japanese animation (anime). This is in part due to the name and logo of the Manga Entertainment distribution company, who have brought many anime productions to western audiences.

Contents

Origins

Osamu Tezuka

Gekiga

Cultural importance

Manga format

Dōjinshi

Classification of Manga

Types of manga

Genres

International influence

North America

Europe

Influence

Language notes

See also

References

External links

Origins

Manga, literally translated, means "whimsical pictures". The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century with the publication of such works as Suzuki Kankei's "Mankaku zuihitsu" (1771) and Santo Kyoden's picturebook "Shiji no yukikai" (1798), and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's "Manga hyakujo" (1814) and the celebrated ''Hokusai manga'' containing assorted drawings from the sketchbook of the famous ''ukiyo-e'' artist Hokusai.^[2] However, ''giga'' (literally "funny pictures"), especially , drawn in the 12th century by various artists, contain many manga-like qualities such as emphasis on story and simple, artistic lines.

Modern manga developed from a mixture of woodblock printed books and pictures with foreign art movements. When the United States began trading with Japan, Japan entered a period of rapid modernization and globalization. Thus, they imported foreign artists to teach their students things such as line, form and color, which were never concentrated on in ''ukiyo-e'' as the idea behind the picture was normally considered more important. Manga in this period was known as ''Ponchi-e'' (Punch-picture) and, like its British counterpart ''Punch'' magazine, mainly depicted humor and political satire in a short, 1- or 4-picture format.

During the late Meiji period to the period before WW II, notable mangaka include Rakuten Kitazawa and Ippei Okamoto. Rakuten Kitazawa trained under Frank A. Nankivell, an Australian artist, and joined Jiji Shimpo newspaper companies after being invited by Yukichi Fukuzawa. After that, Rakuten published such famous comic strips as (1902) and (1902). Rakuten's works were inspired by many American comic strips include Katzenjammer Kids, Yellow Kid and Opper's works. Ippei Okamoto is the founder of Nippon Mangakai, the first cartoonist's association in Japan. His manga manbun works, such as (1921), had a major influence on contemporary mangaka and became prototypes of later fiction-based manga.^[3]

Osamu Tezuka

Manga art first originated in Tokyo, Japan. Manga spread by the Showa Modan culture in around 1930. Manga in this era was made from low-priced paper and ink. It was sold not in bookstores, but in toy shops for children. The Imperial Japanese Army came to influence Manga strongly when the militarism of Japan strengthened in around 1940. (For instance, Norakuro is a popular poetic justice manga written by Suihō Tagawa in 1931.) When World War II ended, the United States culture was introduced into Japan again. Osamu Tezuka was influenced by Fleischer Studios and Walt Disney's styles, and developed the cartoon to Manga. The story and the tragedy were introduced by Tezuka Osamu. ^[4] He had a strong influence on a lot of Mangaka. In around 1950, many young Mangaka came to the apartment Tokiwa-sō where Tezuka lived. The residents included Ishinomori Shōtarō, Akatsuka Fujio, and Fujiko Fujio.
Tezuka introduced film-like storytelling and characters in comic format in which each short film-like episode is part of a larger story arc. The only text in Tezuka's comics was the characters' dialogue and this lent the comics a cinematic quality. Tezuka also adopted Disney-like facial features where a character's eyes, mouth, eyebrows and nose are drawn in a very exaggerated manner to add more distinct characterization with fewer lines, which made his work popular. This somewhat revived the old ukiyo-e-like tradition where the picture is a projection of an idea rather than actual physical reality.
Initially, his comic was published in a children's magazine. Soon, it became a specialized weekly or monthly comic magazine of its own, which is now the foundation of the Japanese comic industry. Tezuka adapted his comic to almost all film genres of the time; his manga series range from action adventure (e.g. ''Kimba the White Lion'', also known as ''Jungle Emperor Leo'') to serious drama (e.g. ''Black Jack'') to science fiction (e.g. ''Astro Boy'', ''Ambassador Magma''), horror (e.g. ''Dororo'', ''The Three-eyed One''.) Though he is known in the West as a creator of the children's animation ''Astro Boy'',
Many of his comics had some very mature and sometimes dark undertones. Most of his comics' central characters had a tragic background. Some criticize Tezuka's extensive use of tragic dramatization in his stories. As the manga generation of children grew up, the market for comics expanded accordingly and manga soon became a major cultural force of Japan. Tezuka also contributed to the social acceptance of manga. His qualification as a medical doctor as well as the holder of Ph.D in medical science and his serious storylines were used to deflect criticism that manga was vulgar and undesirable for children.

Gekiga

Another important trend in manga was gekiga ("Dramatic Pictures"). Between the 1960s and the 1970s, there were two forms of comic serialization. One, the manga format, was based on the sales of anthology magazines which contained dozens of titles. The other, gekiga, was based on a rental format of an individual manga "book" of single title. Manga was based on weekly or biweekly magazine publications, so production was prompt, and the deadline was paramount. Consequently, most manga artists adopted Tezuka's style of drawing, where characters are drawn in a simpler but exaggerated manner, typified by the large round eyes regarded abroad as a defining feature of Japanese comics. In contrast, gekiga typically had more complex and mature story lines, with higher production value per page. For this reason, gekiga was considered to be artistically superior. However, gekiga's rental business model eventually died out in the 1970s, while manga artists significantly improved their graphic quality. Eventually, gekiga was absorbed into manga and now is used to describe a manga style which does not use cartoon-like drawing. Some examples of the gekiga-style manga are ''Kamui-den'' by ''Shirato Sanpei'', ''Kyojin-no Hoshi'' by ''Kawasaki Noboru'', ''Gorgo 13'' by ''Saito Takao'', and probably most famous abroad ''Akira'' by ''Ōtomo Katsuhiro''.
However, gekiga did not only influence the art style of manga: after the 1970s, more mature-themed pictures and plot lines were used in manga. Many had significant depictions of violence and sexual activity, and were marketed at teenagers: unlike in Tezuka's time, children in the 1970s had more disposable income, so they could directly purchase manga without asking their parents to buy it for them. Thus, manga publishers did not need to justify their products to the parents. Moreover, the dominance of the serialized manga format on a weekly basis meant that manga was increasingly becoming "pulp fiction", with large amounts of violent content and some nudity (especially, although not exclusively, in manga aimed at boys). Representative titles of this genre were Harenchi Gakuen by Gō Nagai and Makoto-chan by Kazuo Umezu, both of which had copious amounts of gore, nudity, and vulgar (often scatological) jokes. Much like in the United States during the Comic book scare in the 40's and 50's, teachers and parents had objections to the content of manga, but unlike the U.S. no attempt was made to create an oversight board like the Comics Code Authority. Interestingly, manga magazines "for children" in the 1970s arguably had more vulgar themes (due to the fact that it was the only major publishing format available), but by the 1980s and 1990s, new magazines catering to teenagers and young adults had come into play.

Cultural importance

Though roughly equivalent of the American comic book,, manga holds more importance in Japanese culture than comics do in American culture. In economic terms, weekly sales of comics in Japan exceed the entire annual output of the American comic industry . Additionally, manga and comics in general are more widely consumed among the adult population of Japan than in America.
Several major manga magazines which contain about a dozen episodes from different authors sell several million copies each per week. Manga is well respected both as an art form and as a form of popular literature, though it has not reached the acceptance level of historically higher art genres such as film or music. However, approval of Hayao Miyazaki's anime and other works of manga are gradually changing the perception of anime and manga, placing them closer to the status of "higher" arts (The film with the all-time highest box office gross in Japan is Spirited Away by Hayao Miyazaki, with 30.4 billion yen).
Like its American counterpart, some manga has been criticized for being violent or sexual. For example, a number of film adaptations of manga such as Fist of the North Star were rated Restricted or Mature in the United States. However, there have been no official inquiries or laws trying to limit what can be drawn in manga, except for vague decency laws applying to all published materials, stating that "overly indecent materials should not be sold." This freedom has allowed artists to draw manga for every age group and a wide selection of topics.

Manga format

Manga magazines usually have many series running concurrently with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. These manga magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known (colloquially "phone books"), are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages long. Manga magazines also contain one-shot comics and various four-panel yonkoma (equivalent to comic strips). Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Manga artists sometimes start out with a few "one-shot" manga projects just to try to get their name out. If these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued.
When a series has been running for a while, the stories are usually collected together and printed in dedicated book-sized volumes, called tankōbon. These are the equivalent of American comic's trade paperbacks. These volumes use higher-quality paper, and are useful to those who want to "catch up" with a series so they can follow it in the magazines or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitive. Recently, "deluxe" versions have also been printed as readers have gotten older and the need for something special grew. Old manga have also been reprinted using somewhat lesser quality paper and sold for 100 yen (about one US dollar) each to compete with the used book market.
Manga are primarily classified by the age and gender of the target audience. In particular, books and magazines sold to boys (shōnen) and girls (shōjo) have distinctive cover art and are placed on different shelves in most bookstores.
Japan also has manga cafés, or ''manga kissa'' (kissa is an abbreviation of kissaten). At a manga kissa, people drink coffee and read manga, and sometimes stay there overnight.

Traditionally, manga are written from top to bottom and right to left, as this is the traditional reading pattern of the Japanese written language. Some publishers of translated manga keep this format, but other publishers flip the pages horizontally, changing the reading direction to left to right, so as not to confuse foreign audiences or traditional comics consumers. This practice is known as "flipping". For the most part, the criticisms suggest that flipping goes against the original intentions of the creator (for example, if a person wears a shirt that reads "MAY" on it, and gets flipped, then the word is altered to "YAM"). Another example includes the character Miroku from ''InuYasha'', who has a black hole in his right hand: in the flipped and translated version, dialogue shows him having it in his right palm, but the drawings show it in his left hand. Flipping may also cause oddities with familiar asymmetrical objects or layouts, such as a car being depicted with gas pedal on the left and the brake on the right, or more astute readers may notice that all characters in manga may seem to be left-handed.
It should be noted, however, that oddities and disparities between art and dialogue can usually be rectified by editing and proof-reading. The most obvious example of this in manga reproduced for a western audience is to be found in Dark Horse's reproductions of Hiroaki Samura's Blade of the Immortal, where the original sound effects, written text and page layouts are retained from the source material, with individual panels flipped horizontally. It is likely this was done to prevent offense to western readers - as the main character in the book sports a large manji (buddhist swastika, 卍), and simply flipping the book's pages would have resulted in him seeming to sport the nazi emblem.

Dōjinshi

Some manga artists will produce extra, sometimes unrelated material, which are known as ''omake'' (lit. "bonus" or "extra"). They might also publish their unfinished drawings or sketches, known as ''oekaki'' (lit. "sketches").
Dōjinshi is produced by small amateur publishers outside of the mainstream commercial market in a similar fashion to small-press independently published comic books in the United States. Comiket, the largest comic book convention in the world with over 400,000 gathering in 3 days, is devoted to dōjinshi.
Unofficial fan-made comics are also called ''dōjinshi''. Some dōjinshi continue with a series' story or write an entirely new one using its characters, much like fan fiction.

Classification of Manga

While 'manga' is defined as "a Japanese comic book or graphic novel",^[5] some people contend that manga defines a style rather than a country of origin. This viewpoint can most predominantly be seen by the manga publisher Tokyopop, which markets original English-language manga.

"Manga is like hip-hop. It's a lifestyle. To say that you can't draw it because you don't have the DNA is just silly."
—Stu Levy, Tokyopop CEO¹

However, like any artistic medium, there is no true set style for manga. Manga can range from the realistic to super deformed. Therefore, when manga is referenced as a style, it generally is specifically referring to the ''moe'' style of manga common to the fantasy genre and the most familiar style of manga to foreign readers.

Types of manga

With an immense market in Japan, manga encompasses a very diverse range of subjects and themes, satisfying many readers of different interests. Popular manga aimed at mainstream readers frequently involves sci-fi, action, fantasy and comedy. Notable manga series are based on corporate businessman (the ''Shima Kousaku'' and ''Salaryman Kintaro'' series), Chinese cuisine (''Iron Wok Jan''), criminal thriller (''Monster'') and military politics (''The Silent Service''). As a result, many genres apply equally well to anime (which very often includes adaptations of manga) and Japanese computer games (some of which are also adaptations of manga).

Genres

★ ''Kodomo'' children

★ ''Shōjo'' young and teenage girls

★ ''Shōnen'' young and teenage boys

★
★ Battling companion (not an official name)

★ ''Josei'' (or ''redikomi''), mainly women, 18-30, but men too

★ Redisu, women

★ ''Seinen'' young men

★ Alternative (See also: Garo)

★
★ Gekiga (dramatic pictures)

★
★ La nouvelle manga (Franco-Belgian/Japanese artistic movement)

★
★ Semi-alternative (popular publication individualistic style)

★
★ OEL manga (original English language manga)

★ Dōjinshi Fan-art or self-published manga

★ Magical girl (''mahō shōjo'')

★ Gag, humour

★ Jidaimono, historical

★ Robot/Mecha (giant robots)

★ Suiri, crime and murder

★ Moé, fetishism or love for characters as main subject

★ Shōjo-ai or Yuri, lesbian romance

★ Shōnen-ai or Yaoi, gay romance

★ Ecchi, erotic

★ Hentai/doujin, pornography

International influence

Main articles: Manga outside Japan


Manga has long had an influence on international comics and animation the world over.

North America

The first Westerner to introduce the visual approach and concepts of manga into English language comics was Vernon Grant, who drew comics in 1969-1972 while he was living in Japan. At the time, he was absorbing numerous Japanese comics, including Kazuo Koike's 28-volume samurai epic ''Lone Wolf and Cub'', which he wrote about in the ''Mainichi Daily News'' in 1972. From 1977 to 1988, Grant published his series, ''The Love Rangers'' about a racially mixed space crew spreading love thoughout the universe. In 1983, Frederik L. Schodt's ''Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics'' (Kodansha) profiled creators and detailed manga's background and history for American readers.
Following increasing interest during the 1990s, manga eventually grew into a large industry in America, tripling during 2002-05 to become a $180 million market by 2005. ¹ By 2006 total North American manga sales reached $200 million
^[6] At least 40 syndicated newspaper have added manga strips to their funny pages.¹ Manga has also been noted for making female readers interested in comics. In a nation where the American comic book readership is largely dominated by males, females make up 60% of all manga readership.¹ Often attracted by more in depth stpry lines and romance subplots.

Europe

In France there is a "Nouvelle Manga" movement started by Frédéric Boilet which seeks to combine mature sophisticated daily life manga with the artistic style of traditional Franco-Belgian comics. While the movement also involves Japanese artists, a handful of French cartoonists other than Boilet have decided to embrace its ideal. France is the biggest country after Japan where Manga are most sold, with 10 million books in 2005.
The manga style has influenced not only writers and artists, but musicians as well. Turkish rock band maNga [sic] has not only its name derived from the style; their videos and album cover feature manga-style animation and the members of the band have their own manga characters, drawn by award-winning artist Kaan Demirçelik. English metal band Versus Akira derives its name and certain stylistic qualities in the music and artwork from the famous Japanese anime film/manga Akira.

Influence

American artist and writer Frank Miller has been heavily influenced by manga and in particular by Koike's ''Lone Wolf and Cub''. Miller was one of the first American comic artists to make use of decompression, a style prevalent in manga.
Other American artists such as Becky Cloonan (''Demo'', ''East Coast Rising''), Ben Dunn (''Ninja High School''), Corey Lewis (''Sharknife'', ''PENG''), Joe Madureira (''Battle Chasers'') and Canadian Bryan Lee O'Malley (''Lost At Sea'', ''Scott Pilgrim'') are also influenced by the mainstream manga style and have received acclaim for their work outside of anime/manga fan circles. These artists have their roots in the anime/manga subculture of their particular regions (as well as the Internet and webcomics), but incorporate many other influences that make their work more palatable to non-manga readers.
American artist Paul Pope worked in Japan for Kodansha on the manga anthology ''Afternoon''. Before he was fired (due to an editorial change at Kodansha) he was developing many ideas for the anthology that he would later publish in the U.S. as ''Heavy Liquid''. As a result his work features a strong influence from manga without influences from international otaku culture.
In addition, there are many amateur artists who are influenced exclusively by the manga style. Many of these have their own small publishing houses, and some webcomics in this style have become very popular (see ''Megatokyo'' and "Sequence (manga)"). For the most part, these artists are not yet recognized outside of the anime and manga fan community.

Language notes

★ Because nouns in Japanese do not have a plural form, ''manga'' is the form for both plural and singular. It is also commonly called コミック (''komikku'', from ''comic'') in Japanese.

★ ''Mangaka'' (漫画家) Literally "Manga professional" is a Japanese term for a manga author/artist.

See also

★ Anime

★ Bilingual manga

★ Dōjinshi

★ Japanese popular culture

★ La nouvelle manga

★ Lianhuanhua

★ List of films based on manga

★ List of manga

★ List of manga by Japanese title

★ List of manga distributors

★ List of manga magazines

★ List of mangaka

★ Manga iconography

★ Manga outside Japan

★ Manhua (Chinese comics)

★ Manhwa (Korean comics)

★ Original English-language manga

★ Scanlation (fan scanned and translated manga)

References

'Books'

★ Gravett, Paul. ''Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics''. New York: Collins Design, 2004. ISBN 1-85669-391-0.

★ Kern, Adam L. ''Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyôshi of Edo Japan''. Cambridge, M.A.: Harvard University Asia Center, 2006. ISBN 0-674-02266-1.

★ Schodt, Frederik L. ''Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga''. Berkeley, Calif.: Stone Bridge Press, 1996. ISBN 1-880656-23-X.

★ Schodt, Frederik L. ''Manga! Manga!: The World of Japanese Comics''. New York: Kodansha International, 1983. ISBN 0870115499 ,
'Journals'

★ America Is Drawn To Manga, , Coco, Masters, Time, 2006
'Footnotes'
1. Masters, "America Is Drawn To Manga"
2. Adam L. Kern, ''Manga from the Floating World'', ISBN 0-674-02266-1
3. Isao Shimizu "Zusetsu Manga no Rekishi" ISBN 4-309-72611-9
4. Takeuchi Ichiro - [Katsushika Hokusai Origin of story cartoon] [1] Literary prize the 28th Suntory
5. Definition of manga
6. Bosker, Bianca (2007-08/31) "Mania", Wall Street Journal (2007-09-02)

External links

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