The 'Republic of Malawi' (; formerly 'Nyasaland') is a democratic, densely populated country located in southeastern
Africa. It borders
Zambia to the north-west,
Tanzania to the north, and
Mozambique surrounding it on the east, south, and west. The origin of the name Malawi remains unclear; it is held to be either derived from that of southern tribes, or noting the "glitter of the sun rising across the lake" (as seen in its flag).
History
Main articles: History of Malawi
The earliest inhabitants of the area were
Khoisan hunter-gatherers.
They were largely replaced by Bantu tribes during
Bantu migrations. What is now called Malawi was the
Maravi state, founded by the
Chewa people in the 16th century. The Chewa were themselves an off-shoot of the
Luba Empire. In the early to mid 19th century, they were joined by Zulu-related
Ndwandwe people from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, the
Ngoni, under their king
Zwangendaba.
The first significant Western contact was the arrival of
David Livingstone along the north shore of
Lake Malawi in 1859, and subsequently
Scottish Presbyterian churches establishing missions. In 1883, a consul of the
British Government was accredited to the "Kings and Chiefs of Central Africa," and in 1891, the British established the
British Central Africa Protectorate, by 1907, the
Nyasaland Protectorate. Although the British remained in control during the first half of the
20th century, this period was marked by a number of unsuccessful Malawian attempts to obtain independence. During the 1950s, pressure for independence increased when Nyasaland was joined with
Northern and
Southern Rhodesia in 1953 to form the
Central African Federation. In July 1958, Dr.
Hastings Kamuzu Banda returned to the country after a long absence. He assumed leadership of the NAC, which later became the
Malawi Congress Party (MCP). In 1959, Banda was sent to
Gwelo Prison in
Southern Rhodesia (now
Gweru) for his political activities but was released in 1960 to participate in a constitutional conference in London.
On
April 15,
1961 the MCP won an overwhelming victory in elections for a new Legislative Council. In a second constitutional conference in London in November
1962, the British Government agreed to give Nyasaland self-governing status the following year. This announcement sealed the fate of the Central African Federation, which lost its reason for existence with an independent Nyasaland. Banda became
Prime Minister on
February 1,
1963, although the British still controlled Malawi's financial, security, and judicial systems. A new constitution took effect in May 1963, providing for virtually complete internal self-government. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was dissolved on
December 31, 1963, and Malawi became a fully independent member of the British
Commonwealth on
July 6,
1964. Two years later, Malawi became a
republic with Dr. Banda as its first President, and was also declared a
one-party state. In 1970 Banda was declared President for life of the MCP, and in 1971 Banda consolidated his power and was named
President for Life of Malawi itself.
However, increasing domestic unrest and pressure from Malawian churches and from the international community led to a
referendum in which the Malawian people were asked to vote for a new form of government. On
June 14,
1993, the people of Malawi voted overwhelmingly in favor of multi-party democracy. Free and fair national elections were held on
May 17,
1994.
Bakili Muluzi, leader of the
United Democratic Front (UDF), was elected President in those elections. The UDF won 82 of the 177 seats in the National Assembly and formed a coalition government with the
Alliance for Democracy (AFORD). That coalition disbanded in June
1996, but some of its members remained in the government. Malawi's newly written constitution (1995) eliminated special powers previously reserved for the Malawi Congress Party. Accelerated economic liberalization and structural reform accompanied the political transition.
Malawi saw its first transition between democratically elected presidents in May 2004, when the UDF's presidential candidate
Bingu wa Mutharika defeated MCP candidate John Tembo and Gwanda Chakuamba, who was backed by a grouping of opposition parties. Through the politicking of party chairperson and former President Bakili Muluzi, the party successfully secured a majority by forming a "government of national unity" with several opposition parties.
Politics
Main articles: Politics of Malawi
For almost thirty years, the government of Malawi and the Malawi Congress Party were one. When Malawi was declared a republic in 1966, the country was formally declared a one-party state. Under Banda, all citizens had to be members of the party. This situation changed in a
1993 referendum, which instituted a multiparty system. In the country's first democratic elections, Banda and the MCP were soundly defeated.
Under the 1995
constitution, the
president, who is both
chief of state and
head of the government, is chosen through universal
direct suffrage every five years. Malawi has a
vice president who is elected with the president which is currently
Bingu wa Mutharika. The president has the option of appointing a second vice president, who must be from a different
political party. The members of the presidentially appointed cabinet can be drawn from either within or outside of the legislature. Malawi's
National Assembly has 193 seats, all directly elected to serve 5-year terms. The constitution also provides for a second chamber, a
Senate of 80 seats, but to date no action has been taken to create the Senate. The Senate is intended to provide representation for traditional leaders and the different geographical districts, as well as various special interest groups, such as women, youth, and the disabled.
The
constitution provides for an independent judiciary. Malawi's judicial system, based on the English model, is made up of magisterial lower courts, a High Court, and a Supreme Court of Appeal. Local government is carried out in 27 districts within three regions administered by regional administrators and district commissioners who are appointed by the central government. Local elections, the first in the multi-party era, took place in on
November 21,
2000. The UDF party won 70% of the seats in this election.
The third multiparty presidential and parliamentary elections, originally planned for
May 18,
2004 were postponed by two days following a High Court appeal by the main opposition
Mgwirizano (Unity) coalition. The run-up to the poll was overshadowed by opposition claims of irregularities in the voters' roll.
European Union and
Commonwealth observers said although voting passed peacefully, they were concerned about "serious inadequacies" in the poll.
Regions and districts
Main articles: Districts of Malawi
Malawi is divided into three
regions (the Northern, Central and Southern regions), which are further divided into twenty-seven
districts, which in turn are further divided into 137 traditional authorities and 68 sub-chiefdoms. The districts are:
Geography
Main articles: Geography of Malawi
Map of Malawi
Mulanje Mountain in Malawi
Malawi is situated in southeastern Africa. The
Great Rift Valley runs through the country from north to south. In this deep trough lies
Lake Malawi (also called Lake
Nyasa), the third-largest
lake in Africa, and the 10th largest in the world, making about 20% of Malawi's area. The
Shire River flows from the south end of the lake and joins the
Zambezi River 400 km (250
mi) farther south in
Mozambique. East and west of the
Rift Valley are high
plateaus, generally between 900 and 1,200 m (3,000–4,000 ft) above sea level. The
Nyika Uplands rise as high as 2,600 m (8,500 ft) in the north; south of the lake lie the
Shire Highlands, with an elevation of 600–1,600 m (2,000–5,000 ft), rising to the
Zomba Plateau and the
Mulanje Massif, 2,130 and 3,002 m (7,000 and 10,000 ft). In the extreme south, the elevation is only 60–90 m (200–300 ft) above sea level.
Malawi is one of Sub-Saharan Africa's most
densely populated countries.
Lilongwe, Malawi's capital since 1971, has a population which exceeds 400,000. All government ministries and the Parliament are located in
Lilongwe.
Blantyre remains Malawi's major commercial center and largest city, having grown from an estimated 109,000 inhabitants in 1966 to nearly 500,000 in 1998. Malawi's President resides in
Lilongwe. The Supreme Court is seated in
Blantyre.
Malawi's
climate is
subtropical. A rainy season runs from November through April. There is little to no rainfall throughout most of the country from May to October. It is hot and humid from October to April along the lake and in the Lower
Shire Valley.
Lilongwe is also hot and humid during these months, a little less than in the south. The rest of the country is warm during those months. From June through August, the lake areas and far south are comfortably warm, but the rest of Malawi can be chilly at night, with temperatures ranging from 5 °–14 °C (41°–57°F).
Lake Malawi is sometimes called the Calendar Lake as it is about 365 miles long and 52 miles wide.
Malawi has five
national parks:
Cape Maclear;
Kasungu;
Lengwe;
Liwonde; and
Nyika.
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Malawi
Malawi has a GDP per capita of 596 US dollars. It is a
landlocked, densely populated country. Its economy is heavily dependent on
agriculture. Malawi has few exploitable mineral resources. Its three most important export crops are (in order)
tobacco,
tea and
sugar. Malawi's president recently urged farmers to consider growing other crops, such as cotton (
[1]), as an alternative to the country's principal crop, tobacco, as cigarette consumption in the West continues to decline. Traditionally Malawi has been self-sufficient in its staple food,
maize, and during the 1980s exported substantial quantities to its drought-stricken neighbors. Agriculture represents 38.6% of the
GDP, accounts for over 80% of the labor force, and represents about 80% of all exports. Nearly 90% of the population engages in subsistence farming. Smallholder farmers produce a variety of crops, including maize (corn),
beans,
rice,
cassava,
tobacco, groundnuts (
peanuts) and
coffee. The agricultural sector contributes about 63.7% of total income for the rural population, 65% of manufacturing sector’s raw materials, and approximately 87% of total employment. Financial wealth is generally concentrated in the hands of a small elite. Malawi's manufacturing industries are situated around the city of
Blantyre.
Malawi's economic reliance on the export of agricultural commodities renders it particularly vulnerable to external shocks such as declining terms of trade and drought. High transport costs, which can comprise over 30% of its total import bill, constitute a serious impediment to economic development and trade. Malawi must import all its fuel products. Paucity of skilled labor; difficulty in obtaining expatriate employment permits; bureaucratic red tape; corruption; and inadequate and deteriorating road, electricity, water, and telecommunications infrastructure further hinder economic development in Malawi. However, recent government initiatives targeting improvements in the road infrastructure, together with private sector participation in railroad and telecommunications, have begun to render the investment environment more attractive.
Malawi has undertaken economic structural adjustment programs supported by the
World Bank, the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other donors since 1981. Broad reform objectives include stimulation of private sector activity and participation through the elimination of price controls and industrial licensing, liberalization of trade and foreign exchange, rationalization of taxes, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and civil service reform. Malawi qualifies for
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief.
As of late May 2004, the IMF program (begun in 2000) was canceled and a Staff-Monitored Program (SMP) was implemented. In the wake of questions about fiscal credibility, the SMP’s goal is to give Malawi’s newly-elected government the chance to establish a track record of fiscal discipline.
Real GDP increased by an estimated 3.9% in 2004, from 4.3% in 2003 and 2.4% in 2002. Inflation has been largely under control since 2003, averaging 10% in that year and 11.1% (est.) in 2004. Discount and commercial lending rates also declined from 40%-45% in 2003 to 25% in early 2004. The
Kwacha slid from 90 to 101 against the U.S. dollar in mid-2003 and was at 108 to the U.S. dollar at the end of 2004.
Malawi has bilateral trade agreements with its two major trading partners,
South Africa and
Zimbabwe, both of which allow duty-free entry of Malawian products into their countries.
Humanitarian situation
Main articles: Malawi food crisis
Life expectancy in Malawi is now as low as 36.5 years, five years lower than it was 50 years ago. This drop is due to the population's impoverishment, which is constituted by many factors, including:
★ insufficient nutrition
★ poor access to medical treatment
★ low income (the mean per capita income in Malawi is less than $1 per day)
★ extreme lack of foresight by Government
★ Mis-use of international donations
★ insufficient school education
★ spread of HIV/AIDS
★ government economic restrictions
★ corruption
★ climate change
Health
 Livingstonia, Malawi
Child mortality is 103/1,000. There are more than a million orphans, 700,000 of whom became orphans when their parents died of AIDS.
According to Malawi government estimates, 14.2% of the population are HIV-positive, and 90,000 deaths in 2003 were due to AIDS. Unofficial estimates based on private hospital entries give a HIV infection percentage of 30%. Their life expectancy is 41.75 for men and 41.2 for women.
Nutrition
Malawi's staple food is maize but like other countries in Southern Africa, Malawi has repeatedly been affected by famines since 2002, when food was scarce for almost one third of the population. In 2003, 30 percent of the population were affected.
These repeated famines are caused by different factors including:
|
|
★ widespread monocultures
★ poor distribution of fertilizers
★ droughts
★ government corruption
|
★ widespread AIDS epidemic
★ bilharzia
★ malaria
|
Some relief organisations, such as the
Community of Sant'Egidio, Catholic Relief Services and other local and international organisations try to respond to the famine by distributing food parcels. The government also had a starter pack farm input programme for maize seed and fertilizer. The scheme was however subject to gross abuses and sometimes the poorest people did not receive any of the items that were purportedly earmarked for them. This programme was discontinued by the Bingu Wa Muntharika administration, which instead subsidised fertilizer for the local subsistence farmers. The government of Taiwan has also donated millions of bags of rice each year and has a permanent agricultural and medical technical aid mission in Malawi.
Foreign relations
Malawi has continued the pro-Western foreign policy established by former President Banda. It maintains excellent diplomatic relations with principal Western countries. Malawi's close relations with South Africa throughout the apartheid era strained its relations with other African nations. Following the collapse of apartheid in 1994, Malawi developed and currently maintains strong diplomatic relations with all African countries.
Between 1985 and 1995 Malawi accommodated more than a million refugees from Mozambique. The refugee crisis placed a substantial strain on Malawi's government but also drew significant inflows of international assistance. The accommodation and eventual repatriation of the Mozambicans is considered a major success by international organizations. In 1996, Malawi received a number of
Rwandan and
Congolese refugees seeking asylum. The government did not turn away refugees, but it did invoke the principle of "first country of asylum." Under this principle, refugees who requested asylum in another country first, or who had the opportunity to do so, would not subsequently be granted asylum in Malawi. There were no reports of the forcible repatriation of refugees.
Important bilateral donors, in addition to the
U.S., include
Canada,
Libya,
Germany,
Iceland,
Japan,
the Netherlands,
Norway,
Finland,
Sweden,
Taiwan,
Flanders and the
United Kingdom. Multilateral donors include the World Bank, the IMF, the European Union, the African Development Bank, and the United Nations organizations.
Malawi is a member of the following international organizations:
UN and some of its specialized and related agencies (i.e.
UNCTAD,
UNESCO,
UNIDO), the
Commonwealth,
IMF,
World Bank,
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA),
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO),
Berne Convention,
Universal Copyright Convention,
African Union,
Lome Convention,
African Development Bank (AFDB),
Southern African Development Community (SADC), the
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA),
Nonaligned Movement,
G-77, and the
World Health Organization (WHO).
Malawi is also a member of the
International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the
US-military (as covered under
Article 98).
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Malawi
Man in Malawi
Malawi derives its name from the
Maravi, a
Bantu people who came from the southern
Congo basin circa
1400. On reaching the area north of Lake Malawi, the Maravi divided. One branch, the ancestors of the present-day
Chewas, moved south to the west bank of the lake. The other, the ancestors of the
Nyanjas, moved down the east bank to the southern part of the country. By
1500, the two divisions of the tribe had established a kingdom stretching from north of the present-day city of
Nkhotakota to the
Zambezi River in the south, and from Lake Malawi in the east, to the
Luangwa River in
Zambia in the west.
Migrations and tribal conflicts precluded the formation of a cohesive Malawian society until the turn of the 20th century. In more recent years, ethnic and tribal distinctions have diminished, although regional distinctions and rivalries persist. Despite some clear differences, no significant friction currently exists between tribal groups, and the concept of a Malawian nationality has begun to take hold. Predominantly a rural people, Malawians are generally traditionalist, which includes nonviolence.
The Chewas constitute 90% of the population of the central region; the Nyanja tribe predominates in the south and the
Tumbuka in the north. In addition, significant numbers of the
Tongas live in the north;
Ngonis—an offshoot of the
Zulus who came from
South Africa in the early 1800s—live in the lower northern and lower central regions; and the
Yao, who are mostly
Muslim, live along the southeastern border with
Mozambique. Bantus of other tribes came from Mozambique as refugees.
Europeans and
Asians also live in Malawi. Most Europeans are
British and
Portuguese from Mozambique, and Asians are mostly
Indians.
Population of Malawi (in thousands)
Culture
Main articles: Culture of Malawi
An initiation ritual in Malawi.
★
African Baptist Assembly of Malawi
★
Malawian English
★
Music of Malawi
★
Athletics in Malawi
See also
★
List of cities in Malawi
★
Transport in Malawi
★
Malawi national football team
★
Military of Malawi
★ ''
Raising Malawi''
References
★ Owen J. M. Kalinga and Cynthia A. Crosby, ''Historical Dictionary of Malawi'', 3rd ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2001) ISBN 0-8108-3481-2
★ Mitchell, Maura. "Living Our Faith:" The Lenten Pastoral Letter of the Bishops of Malawi and the Shift to Multiparty Democracy, 1992–1993. ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion''. 2002 Mar; 41(1):5–18. (This article looks in depth at the role religion played in the transition to democracy in Malawi.)
External links
★
Malawi In Figures (Zomba: National Statistical Office, 2005)
★
CIA World Factbook entry
★
BBC News profile
;Directories
★
Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Malawi'' directory category
★
The Index on Africa - ''Malawi'' directory category
★
- ''Meet Malawi'' Where the world MeetsMalawi
★
University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Malawi'' directory category
★
Open Directory Project - ''Malawi'' directory category
★
- ''Malawi'' Free Malawi Directory Listings
;Government
★
Government of the Republic of Malawi official site
★
Malawi National Assembly official site
★
Ministry of Information and Tourism official site
★
Embassy of the Republic of Malawi to Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland and France official site
;News
★
''Nyasa Times'' Malawi's premier and fastest growing online newspaper for news, careers, business-to-business, online marketplace and community networking
★
''The Nation Online'' daily national newspaper
★
''The Daily Times'' daily
Blantyre-based newspaper
★
allAfrica.com - ''Malawi'' news headline links
★
- ''Local News Straight from the Locals'' News told by the People
;Tourism
★
★
Visit Malawi official tourism site
;Other
★
Il nostro Malawi.netMissionary site
★
Malawi's location on a 3D globe (Java)
★
Child Rights in Malawi
★
Human Rights in Malawi
★
Malawi Articles
★
Malawi National Game
★
2005 Malawi Famine
★
Community of Sant'Egidio's page about the predicted 2005 Malawi famine
★
Watering Malawi, a project to help irrigate the country
★
Water Wells For Africa, an organization committed to providing fresh drinking water to the Malawian people
★
Medic Malawi, healthcare projects in Malawi
★
Marion Medical Mission Shallow Well Project, bringing clean drinking water to Malawi, to reduce preventable deaths from disease
★
Video: Solar power projects in Malawi
Geographic locale
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