MAKAH

The 'Makah' (IPA , from the Klallam name for the tribe, )^[1] are a Native American people from the most northwestern corner of the Continental United States in the State of Washington. The Makah tribe lives in and around the town of Neah Bay, Washington, a small fishing village along the Strait of Juan de Fuca where it meets the Pacific Ocean. Their reservation on the northwest tip of the Olympic Peninsula includes Tatoosh Island. The Makah people refer to themselves as "Kwih-dich-chuh-ahtx" () which translates as "the people who live by the rocks and seagulls".^[2]1

Contents

History

Pre-colonial

Smallpox Epidemic

Ozette Dig

Treaty of Neah Bay

Whaling

Contemporary culture

Language

Makah in popular culture

See also

References

Further Reading

External links

History

Pre-colonial

Archaeological research suggests that the Makah people have inhabited Neah Bay for more than 3800 years. The ancient Makah lived in villages, inhabiting large long houses made from western red cedar. These longhouses had cedar-plank walls. The planks could be tilted or removed to provide ventilation or light. The cedar tree was of great value to the Makah, who utilized its bark to make clothing and hats. Cedar roots were used in basket making, while canoes were carved from whole trees to hunt seals and migrating gray whales. The Makah acquired much of their food from the ocean. Their diet consisted of whale, seal, fish, and a wide variety of shellfish. They would also hunt deer, elk, and bear from the surrounding forests. Much that is known about the way of life of the ancient Makah is derived from their oral tradition. There is also an abundance of archeological evidence of how the Makah lived.

Smallpox Epidemic

In 1852, a smallpox epidemic decimated the Makah, causing the village of Biheda to be abandoned.

Ozette Dig

In the early 1700s, a mudslide completely engulfed a Makah village near Lake Ozette. The mudslide preserved the entire village for centuries. Excavation at the Ozette site revealed the remains of people in their beds with everyday tools laying close by, along with toys, bowls, and other artifacts. The oral history of the Makah had mention of a "great slide" which engulfed a portion of Ozette long ago.
Archaeological test pits were excavated at the Ozette site in 1966 and 1967 by Richard Daugherty^[3]. However, it wasn't until 1970 that it would become apparent what was buried there. After a storm in February of that year, tidal erosion exposed hundreds of well preserved wooden artifacts. The excavation of the Ozette site began shortly after. University students from Washington State University worked with the Makah under the direction of archaeologists using pressurized water to remove mud from six buried long houses. The excavation went on for 11 years and produced over 55,000 artifacts, many of which are on display in the Makah Cultural and Research Center. The museum opened in 1979 and displays replicas of cedar long houses as well as whaling, fishing, and sealing canoes.

Treaty of Neah Bay

On January 31st, 1855, the select Makah tribe representatives signed the Treaty of Neah Bay with the U.S. federal government, reducing the size of their traditional lands to what it is now. The treaty allowed for the establishment of the Makah Reservation and preserved the right of the Makah people to hunt whales and seals.^[4] The Makah language was not used during the negotiation of the treaty and the government used the Salish name for the tribe. ''Makah'' is actually an incorrect pronunciation of a Salish term meaning "generous with food".^[5]

Whaling

Makah oral history relates that their tradition of whaling has been suspended and re-established several times throughout their history. The practice was suspended in the 1920s due to the depletion of humpback and gray whale stocks by the coastal whaling industry. After the gray whale was removed from the Endangered Species List due to population increases, the Makah decided to exercise their right to hunt. After receiving the support of the US government and the International Whaling Commission, the Makah successfully hunted a gray whale on May 17, 1999.
The Makah whaling technique is difficult and labor intensive. From cedar canoes, each seating six to nine people, they hunt in the Pacific Ocean adjacent to their territory. Various traditional criteria are used to determine the best whale to harvest. By counting the whale's exhalations, the hunters are able to determine when the whale is about to dive, and this is used to determine the best time to strike. Paddling to the whale's left side, the hunter strikes when the whale is 3-4 feet deep, to avoid the force of the whale's tail. The harpoon is 16-18 feet long, composed of two pieces of yew wood spliced together. Historically, a mussel shell tip was used, in conjunction with barbs from elk horns. In recent times, a steel "yankee style" head is used, but the yew wood shaft is still employed, due to its superior flexibility, water resistance, and strength. Held fast to the whale, the harpoon shaft comes loose, to be recovered later, and a line is thrown from the canoe with seal skin floats attached, to provide sufficient drag to weaken the whale. In the past, a series of smaller lances were used to repeatedly strike the whale, gradually weakening and killing it, often over a period of hours. Recently, this technique has been replaced with the use of a .50 caliber rifle (as mandated by the International Whaling Commission) which is used following the harpoon strike to ensure a more efficient kill. Once the whale has been killed, a crew member called the "diver" jumps into the water, and cuts a hole through the bottom and top of the whale's jaw, to which a tow line and float are attached. This holds the whale's mouth shut and prevents the carcass from filling with water and sinking.
The whale is towed to shore, and received by members of the village. Traditional ceremonies and songs are performed to welcome the whale's spirit. Following this, the whale is divided in a precise and traditional fashion, with certain families having ownership of particular cuts. The "saddle piece" located midway between the center of the back and the tail is the property of the harpooner, and it is taken to his home where a special ceremony is performed. The meat and oil is distributed to community members, and a great deal of it is consumed during a potlatch.
The Makah assert that their right to whale is guaranteed in the 1855 Treaty (see above), which states in part: "The right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the United States."

Contemporary culture

In 1936, the Makah Tribe signed the Makah Constitution, accepting the Indian Reorganization Act and establishing an elected tribal government. The constitution provided for a five member Tribal Council. Each year the council elects a Tribal Chairperson. The Council develops and passes laws for the Makah Reservation.
Tribal census data from 1999 show that the Makah Tribe has 1214 enrolled members, though only 1079 live on the reservation. The average unemployment rate on the reservation is approximately 51%.
The Makah tribe hosts its annual major public gathering, ''Makah Days'', in late August. It features a grand parade and street fair as well as canoe races, traditional games, singing, dancing, feasting, and fireworks.
Currently, many Makah tribal members derive most of their income from fishing. Makah fish for salmon, halibut, Pacific whiting, and other marine fish.

Language

The Makah tribe linguistically belongs to the Southern Nootkan branch of the Wakashan family of languages among North American indigenous peoples.The Makah language, also known as q^wi·q^wi·diččaq (qwiqwidiccaq) is the only Wakashan language in the United States, with the other members in British Columbia, Canada, immediately across the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the west coast of Vancouver Island and northwards as far as that province's Central Coast region.

Makah in popular culture

★ The final scene of Jim Jarmusch's 1995 film ''Dead Man'' takes place in a reconstructed Makah village.

See also

★ Nuu-chah-nulth language

★ Nitinat language

★ Wakashan languages

★ Hoh

References

1. Renker, Ann M., and Gunther, Erna (1990). "Makah". In "Northwest Coast", ed. Wayne Suttles. Vol. 7 of ''Handbook of North American Indians'', ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 429
2. Makah Cultural and Research Center online museum: "Index" and "Introduction"
3. Ozette overview from Palomar College
4. History Link - Treaty of Neah Bay
5. The Makah Tribe: People of the Sea and the Forest

Further Reading

★ The Indians of Cape Flattery : at the entrance to the Strait of Fuca, Washington Territory, Swan, James Gilchrist, , , Smithsonian Institution, 1870, Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection

External links

★ Official Makah Indian Nation website

★ Makah photos and other items from the Library of Congress

★ 1937 Corporate Charter of the Makah from a University of Oklahoma website

★ Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board - Makah Tribe Profile

★ Makah Whaling Misunderstood, from a University of Oregon archaeologist's website

★ University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – The Pacific Northwest Olympic Peninsula Community Museum A web-based museum showcasing aspects of the rich history and culture of Washington State's Olympic Peninsula communities. Features cultural exhibits, curriculum packets and a searchable archive of over 12,000 items that includes historical photographs, audio recordings, videos, maps, diaries, reports and other documents.

★
★ Makah Cultural and Research Center Online Museum Exhibit History and culture of the Makah tribe.

★ Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission