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'''Arbutus''' is a genus of at least 14 species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae, native to warm temperate regions of the Mediterranean, western Europe, and North America.
North American members of the genus are called 'Madrones', from the Spanish name ''madroño''. The European species are called 'Strawberry Trees' from the superficial resemblance of the fruit to a strawberry; some species are sometimes referred to simply as the "Arbutus". Curiously, the name "Madrone" is used south of the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon/northern California and the name "Madrona" is used north of the Siskiyou Mountains according to the "Sunset Western Garden Book". North of the Canadian border, the name "Arbutus" is commonly used.^[1] All refer to the same tree, ''Arbutus menziesii'', native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern California regions.
They are evergreen trees or large shrubs growing to 5–25 m tall, with red or brown bark. The leaves are spirally arranged, oval to broad lanceolate, with a serrated or entire margin. The flowers are bell-shaped, 5–10 mm long, white or pink, and produced in racemes or corymbs. The fruit is a rough-textured red or orange-red berry 1–2 cm diameter containing yellow fruit flesh with numerous very small seeds; the fruit are edible but have minimal flavour and are not widely eaten.
A recent study which analyzed ribosomal DNA from ''Arbutus'' and related genera suggests that the Mediterranean Basin species of ''Arbutus'' are not very closely related to the North American species, and that the split between the two groups of species occurred at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary.

Contents

Species

Old World

New World

Uses and symbolism

Notes

References

Species

Old World

★ ''Arbutus andrachne'' (Greek Strawberry Tree). Southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia.

★ ''Arbutus canariensis'' (Canary Madrone). Canary Islands.

★ ''Arbutus unedo'' (Strawberry Tree). Widespread in the Mediterranean region and also western France and western Ireland.

★ Note: the East Asian fruit ''Myrica rubra'' is often mistranslated as ''Arbutus''.

★ ''A. unedo'' and ''A. andrachne'' hybridise naturally where their ranges overlap; the hybrid has been named ''Arbutus × andrachnoides'' (syn. ''A. × hybrida'', or ''A. andrachne × unedo''), inheriting traits of both parent species, though fruits are not usually borne freely, and as a hybrid is unlikely to breed true from seed.

New World

★ ''Arbutus arizonica'' (Arizona Madrone). New Mexico, Arizona and western Mexico south to Jalisco.

★ ''Arbutus glandulosa''. Central and southern Mexico.

★ ''Arbutus menziesii'' (Pacific Madrone). West coast of North America from southern British Columbia to central California, on the west slopes of the Sierra Nevada and Pacific Coast Range mountains.

★ ''Arbutus peninsularis''. Baja California Peninsula of Mexico.

★ ''Arbutus xalapensis'' (Texas Madrone; syn. ''A. texana''). Texas, New Mexico and northeastern Mexico.
''Arbutus'' species are used as food plants by some Lepidoptera species including Emperor Moth.
Several species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants outside of their natural ranges, though cultivation is often difficult due to their intolerance of root disturbance.
Some species in the genera ''Epigaea'', ''Arctostaphylos'' and ''Gaultheria'' were formerly classified in ''Arbutus''. As a result of its past classification, ''Epigaea repens'' (Mayflower) has an alternative common name of "trailing arbutus".

Uses and symbolism

The ''Arbutus unedo'' tree makes up part of the coat of arms (''El oso y el madroño'', The Bear and the Strawberry Tree) of the city of Madrid, Spain. In the center of the city (Puerta del Sol) there is a statue of a bear eating the fruit of the Madroño tree. The image appears on city crests, taxi cabs, man-hole covers, and other city infrastructure.
The Arbutus was important to the Straits Salish people of Vancouver Island, who used arbutus bark and leaves to create medicines for colds, stomach problems, and tuberculosis, and as the basis for contraceptives. The tree also figured into certain myths of the Straits Salish.^[2]

Notes

1. On British Columbia see Jim Pojar and Andy MacKinnon, eds, ''Plants of Coastal British Columbia'' (Vancouver: Lone Pine Publishing, 1994), 49 and Daniel Francis, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of British Columbia'' (Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing, 2000), 20.
2. Pojar and MacKinnon, 49

References

★ Hileman, Lena C., Vasey, Michael C., & Thomas Parker, V. 2001. Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Arbutoideae (Ericaceae): Implications for the Madrean-Tethyan Hypothesis. ''Systematic Botany'' 26 (1): 131–143.