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'MTV' ('Music Television') is an American cable television network based in New York City. Launched on August 1, 1981, the original purpose of the channel was to promote. Today, MTV broadcasts a variety of pop culture, youth culture, and reality television shows aimed at adolescents and young adults.
Since its premiere, MTV has promoted the music industry. Slogans such as "I want my MTV" became embedded in public thought, the concept of the VJ (video jockey) was popularized, the idea of a dedicated video-based outlet for music was introduced, and both artists and fans found a central location for music events, news, and promotion. MTV has also been referenced countless times by musicians, other TV channels and shows, films and books.
MTV has spawned a handful of sister channels in the U.S. and dozens of affiliated international channels around the world. MTV's moral influence on young people, including examples of censorship and social activism on the channel, has been the subject of debate for years. MTV's choice to focus on non-music programming has also been contested relentlessly, demonstrating the channel's continued impact on popular culture.

Contents

The launch of MTV

Previous concepts

Music Television debuts

MTV's early days

Personalities and format

Michael Jackson

Award shows

Initial criticism

MTV comes of age

Format evolution

Animated shows

Variety of programming

MTV in recent years

Reality shows

Controversies

Anniversaries

Current trends

Moral influence of MTV

Censorship

Social activism

Beyond MTV

Sister channels in the U.S.

The Internet

MTV around the world

See also

References

External links

The launch of MTV

Previous concepts

MTV's pre-history began in 1977, when Warner Cable (a division of Warner Communications and an ancestor of WASEC, Warner Satellite Entertainment Company) launched the first two-way interactive cable TV system, Qube, in Columbus, Ohio.
The Qube system offered many specialized channels, including a children's channel called ''Pinwheel'' which would later become Nickelodeon. One of these specialized channels was ''Sight On Sound'', a music channel that featured concert footage and music oriented TV programs; with the interactive Qube service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs and artists.
MTV's programming format was created by the visionary media executive, Bob Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks.^[1] Pittman had test driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15 minute show, ''Album Tracks'', on WNBC, New York, in the late 1970s. Pittman's boss, WASEC COO John Lack, had shepherded a TV series called ''PopClips'', created by former Monkee-turned solo artist Michael Nesmith, the latter of whom by the late 1970s was turning his attention to the music video format.^[2]
HBO also had a 30 minute program of music videos, called ''Video Jukebox'', that first aired around the time of MTV's launch and would last until late 1986. Also around this time, HBO would occasionally play one or a few music videos between movies.
It should also be noted that in his book ''The Mason Williams FCC Rapport'', Mason Williams states that he pitched an idea to CBS for a TV show that featured "video-radio" where disc jockeys would play avant-gard art set to music on the air. CBS quashed the idea, but Williams set his own composition "Classical Gas" to music on the ''Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour'', where he was head writer. The book where this claim is made was first published in 1971, ten years before MTV first came on the air. MTV was a great hit.

Music Television debuts

On August 1, 1981, at 12:01 a.m., MTV: Music Television launched with the words ''"Ladies and gentlemen, rock and roll,"'' spoken by original COO John Lack. Those words were accompanied by the original MTV theme song, a crunching guitar riff written by Jonathan Elias and John Petersen, playing over a montage of the Apollo 11 moon landing. MTV producers Alan Goodman and Fred Seibert used this public domain footage as a conceit, associating MTV with the most famous moment in world television history.
Appropriately, the first music video shown on MTV was "Video Killed the Radio Star" by The Buggles. The second video shown was Pat Benatar's "You Better Run". Sporadically, the screen would go black when someone at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR.^[3]
At launch time, the official subscriber count across the U.S. was 3,000,000 (the actual number was 500,000), but the immediate impact would have argued that every young adult's television in the country was tuned to MTV.

MTV's early days

Personalities and format

The early format of MTV was modeled after top 40 radio. Fresh-faced young men and women were hired to host the network's programming and to introduce videos that were being played. The term VJ (video jockey) was coined, a play on the acronym DJ (disc jockey). Many VJs eventually became celebrities in their own right. The original five MTV VJs in 1981 were Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, Alan Hunter, J.J. Jackson and Martha Quinn. In 2005, this group (except for J.J. Jackson, who died in 2004) became hosts on Sirius Satellite Radio.^[4]

The early music videos that made up the bulk of MTV's programming in the 1980s were often crude promotional or concert clips from whatever sources could be found. As the popularity of the network rose, and record companies recognized the potential of the medium as a tool to gain recognition and publicity, they began to create increasingly elaborate clips specifically for the network. Several noted film directors got their start creating music videos, including Spike Jonze, Michel Gondry, and David Fincher.
A large number of rock bands and performers of the 1980s were made into household names by MTV. Some 1980s acts immediately identifiable with MTV include Van Halen, The Police, The Cars, Eurythmics, RATT, Culture Club, Def Leppard, Duran Duran, Bon Jovi, and "Weird Al" Yankovic, who made a career out of parodying other artists' videos.
The hard rock band Kiss publicly appeared without their trademark makeup for the first time on MTV in 1983. Madonna rose to fame on MTV in the 1980s. Madonna is one of the most successful video performers in MTV history, and to this day she uses MTV to market her music.

Michael Jackson

The biggest star of MTV in the 1980s was Michael Jackson, who launched the second wave of his career as an MTV staple, becoming the first black artist to have a video on the channel. His 14-minute long music video for "Thriller" went into heavy rotation on MTV, being played twice within an hour at its height. Initially a struggling cable channel, Michael Jackson is often credited for putting MTV on the map "with pioneering videos such as 'Thriller', 'Billie Jean' and 'Beat It.'" Why Are Michael Jackson's Fans So Devoted? Jackson would continue to make popular music video`s into the 1990s with "Black or White", which reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and remained there for seven weeks,^[5] with similar performances around the world. The single was accompanied by the controversial video, premiering as a simulcast on the Fox network, MTV and BET, On November 14, 1991, the video for "Black or White" simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video. Jacksons 1995 hit "Scream," sung and performed with his sister Janet Jackson is one of his most critically acclaimed winning three MTV awards (it was nominated for a record breaking 11 awards) in 1995 and a Grammy in 1996. "Scream" is currently the most expensive music video ever made.^[6]

Award shows

In 1984 the network produced its first ''MTV Video Music Awards'' show. Seen as a fit of self-indulgence by a fledgling network at the time, the "VMAs" developed into a music-industry showcase marketed as a ''hip'' antidote to the Grammy awards. In 1992, the network would add a movie award show with similar success.

Initial criticism

As early as 1984, because of its visibility as a promotional tool for the recording industry, MTV became criticized for excessive pornographic references. It was accused of denigrating the importance of music in the music industry, replacing it with a purely visual aesthetic, and putting equally popular but less image-centric or single-based acts at a distinct disadvantage. One musician that criticized MTV for these reasons was Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys, with the song "MTV - Get off the Air", from the album ''Frankenchrist''. Although it could be said that MTV simply gave airtime to the most popular acts in a given country, it is also possible that these acts became popular simply because of the exposure that MTV gave them.

MTV comes of age

Format evolution

In 1985, Viacom bought Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned MTV and Nickelodeon, renaming the company MTV Networks. Within a few years, music videos were no longer the center-piece of the programming. Conventional 'TV shows' would soon replace VJ-format music video programming.
Before 1987, MTV featured almost exclusively music videos, but as time passed they introduced a variety of other shows. Some of these new shows, such as ''120 Minutes'', still featured music videos. However, many of these shows were originally intended for other channels.
This non-music video programming began in the late 1980s with the introduction of a music news show ''The Week in Rock'', which was also the beginning of MTV's news division, MTV News. Around this time, MTV also introduced a dance show ''Club MTV'', a game show ''Remote Control'', and music-based specials such as ''MTV Unplugged'', an acoustic performance show.
These new shows would be just the beginning of new genres of shows to impact MTV. As the format of the network continued to evolve, more genres of shows began to appear. In the early 1990s, MTV debuted its first reality shows, ''The Real World'' and ''Road Rules''.

Animated shows

:''Further information: List of MTV shows: Animation''
In a continuing bid to become a more diverse network, focusing on youth and culture, as well as music, MTV introduced animated shows to its line-up in the early 1990s. The animation showcase Liquid Television (originally a BBC import, later acquired and produced by MTV) was one of the networks first programs to focus on the medium. In addition to airing original shows created specifically for MTV, the network also occasionally aired episodes of original cartoon series created by sister-station Nickelodeon (Nicktoons) in the early 1990s. MTV has a history of cartoons with mature themes, notably ''Beavis and Butt-head'', ''Celebrity Deathmatch'', and ''Daria''. Although the channel has gone on to debut many other animated shows, few of MTV's other cartoon series have been renewed for additional seasons, regardless of their reception.

Variety of programming

By the second half of the 1990s, MTV's programming consisted primarily of non-music shows. In 1997, MTV was being heavily criticized for not playing as many music videos as it had in the past. In response, MTV created four shows that centered around music videos: ''MTV Live'', ''Total Request'', ''Say What?'', and ''12 Angry Viewers''. Also at this time, MTV introduced its new studios in Times Square.
A year later, in 1998, MTV merged ''Total Request'' and ''MTV Live'' into a live daily top ten countdown show, ''Total Request Live'', which would become the channel's unofficial flagship program. In 1999, MTV shifted its focus to prank/comedic shows such as ''The Tom Green Show'', ''Jackass'', and ''Punk'd''; and soap operas such as ''Undressed''.

MTV in recent years

Reality shows

:''Further information: List of MTV shows: Reality series''
In the early 2000s, MTV put a stronger focus on reality shows, building on the success of ''The Real World'' and ''Road Rules'' in the 1990s. MTV continued to play music videos (albeit rarely) instead of exclusively relegating them to their genre channels; however, the music videos aired either in the early morning hours or in a condensed form on ''Total Request Live''.
In 2000, ''MTV's Fear'' became the first 'scary' reality show in which contestants filmed themselves. The show ran for three seasons and spawned numerous imitations, including ''Fear Factor'' on NBC.

In 2002, MTV aired the very first episode of another radical reality show, ''The Osbournes'', based on the everyday life of former, Black Sabbath frontman Ozzy Osbourne, his wife Sharon, and two of their children, Jack and Kelly. The show went on to become one of the network's biggest ever success stories and kick-started a musical career for Kelly Osbourne, while Sharon Osbourne went on to host a talk show on U.S. television.
In 2003, '', another popular reality TV show that follows the lives of Jessica Simpson and Nick Lachey, a music celebrity couple, began airing. It ran for four seasons and ended in early 2005 and they later divorced. The success of ''Newlyweds'' was followed in June 2004 by ''The Ashlee Simpson Show'', which documented the beginnings of the music career of Ashlee Simpson, Jessica Simpson's younger sister. In the fall of 2004, Ozzy Osbourne's reality show ''Battle for Ozzfest'' aired.
On August 30, 2007 ''Celebrity Rap Superstar'' premeried.

Controversies

In 2004, MTV faced criticism^[7] in the wake of the Super Bowl XXXVIII half time show, which it produced. This infamous halftime show, which was produced by MTV and shown live on CBS, featured the partial exposure of one of Janet Jackson's breasts after co-performer Justin Timberlake tore off part of Jackson's wardrobe. Afterwards, the NFL indicated that MTV would not produce future Super Bowl halftime shows or any NFL-sponsored public event.
In July 2005, MTV drew heavy criticism for their coverage of Live 8. The network cut to commercials while bands were still performing, specifically rock acts Pink Floyd (during the guitar solo for "Comfortably Numb") and The Who. Criticism was also aimed at MTV and VH1 for focusing too much on ill-informed VJs and not enough on the music. In some instances, VJs referred to the event as "Live 8 2005" or even "Live Aid 8", demonstrating that they had little or no knowledge of the cause going into the event. Consequently, MTV and VH1 aired five hours of uninterrupted Live 8 coverage on July 9, with each channel airing different blocks of artists. ^[8]
The network has also faced harsh criticism from the Parents Television Council for dropping content indicators from its usual content ratings. PTC research has indicated that MTV programs used numerous obscenities, bleeped or not. ^[9]

Anniversaries

On August 1, 2006, MTV celebrated its 25th anniversary. On their web site, MTV.com, visitors could watch the very first hour of MTV, including airing the original promos and commercials from Mountain Dew, Atari, Chewels gum, and Jovan. Videos were also shown from The Buggles, Pat Benatar, Rod Stewart, and more. The introduction of the first five VJs was also shown.
Additionally, MTV.com put together a "yearbook" consisting of the greatest videos of each year from 1981-2006. Along with that, music.mtv.com offered a special online viewing of the top music video of each year since 1981.
MTV itself only mentioned the anniversary once on TRL. The main highlight of the day on the channel was ''The Real World''.

Current trends

In 2005 and 2006, MTV continued its focus on reality shows, with the debuts of popular shows such as '', ''NEXT'', ''Two-A-Days'', ''My Super Sweet 16'', and ''Parental Control''. In addition, in recent times, the channel has re-aired other programs from Viacom-owned TV networks, such as BET's ''College Hill'', CW programs ''America's Next Top Model'', ''Beauty and the Geek''^[10], and ''Hidden Palms'', and VH1 programs ''I Love New York'' and ''Flavor of Love''. ^[11] Other programs from non-Viacom networks include reruns of the shows ''Fastlane'' (from FOX)^[12] and ''Life As We Know It'' (from ABC).^[13] MTV has also begun showing movies targeted toward the teen/young adult demographic on Friday evenings, including ''My Boss's Daughter'', ''Shaun of the Dead'', and ''Napoleon Dynamite''. The channel has also broadcast several of its own productions of its film-producing division MTV Films, such as ''8 Mile''^[14], ''Crossroads'', ''^[15], and ''.
Today, MTV's main source of music video programming is still ''Total Request Live'', airing four times per week. A hip-hop music video show, ''Sucker Free'', also airs regularly. On most days, music video rotation continues in the early morning hours. ^[11] Throughout the day, MTV shows excerpts from music videos, usually the hook, in split screen format during the closing credits, along with the web address of the MTV web site to encourage the viewer to view the complete video online. Also, since July 2007, MTV no longer shows any full-length music videos on Saturdays or Sundays ^[11] but still shows the "condensed" videos during closing credits, as done for all non-music programs on MTV.
Beginning on the week of August 6, MTV now brings viewers "Artist Of The Week" which shows during their commercials and at the end of their shows. Their "Artist Of The Week" which have already included (in order)
August 6-12: Team Facelift, August 13-19: Paramore, August 20-26: Rodrigo y Gabriela, August 27-September 2: Nelly Furtado, September 3-9: Mark Ronson.

Moral influence of MTV

Since its inception, critics of MTV have claimed that the channel's programming promotes bad behavior, including violence and recreational drug use, to the youth of America by embracing the behaviors of certain celebrities who are not good role models. ^{[18] [19]} Some critics have even claimed that MTV is "pornography for children."^[20] The conservative media watchdog group Parents Television Council, which advocates family-friendly programming on television, has frequently criticized MTV in its campaigns for cable choice, claiming that the network puts a bad influence on its targeted teenage audience, based on research done in 2004^[21] and 2005.^[22] Consequently, the PTC launched a campaign against MTV in 2005^[23], also asking advertisers to stop buying airtime on MTV^[24], referring to them as "Corporate Sponsors of MTV Sleaze" and challenging them "to Defend Their Sponsorship of Teen-Targeted TV Smut".^[25] In 2002, the PTC included five MTV programs in its list of least family-friendly programming of the 2001-02 television season - ''Undressed'' at second, ''The Real World'' at fourth, ''Celebrity Deathmatch'' at seventh, ''The Andy Dick Show'' at eighth, and ''The Osbournes'' at the final tenth ranking, while placing ''Making the Band'' as the ninth-most family-friendly cable program in the season.^[26]. PTC founder Brent Bozell asserted that MTV claims to reflect teen culture but claims with PTC research they are actually "manufacturing" it.^[27] The council also described MTV's focus on programming over music as a "showplace of smut, being consumed by raunchy teen 'reality' programs such as '', the interminable ''The Real World'' and the moronic and execrable ''Jackass''; game shows like ''Yo Momma'' (in which contestants are rewarded for the most creative insult), and "humor" programs such as Celebrity Deathmatch, which uses Claymation techniques to portray graphic violence and gore in its depictions of various minor celebrities battling one another." ^[28] Other out-of-network shows that have been broadcast on MTV have also been significantly criticized by the PTC; those shows include ''Fastlane''^[29], ''Life As We Know It''^{[30] [31] [32] [33] [34]}, ''America's Next Top Model''^{[35] [36] [37]}, and ''Hidden Palms''^{[38] [39] [40]}.
The American Family Association has also prominently criticized MTV for its negative moral influence ^[41], even going as far as to describe MTV as a "pro-sex, anti-family, pro-choice (i.e., pro-abortion) drug culture".^[42] Focus on the Family, another pro-family group, has released a spoken-word CD titled ''Confronting the MTV Culture'' to persuade parents to counter the "dangerous messages" of MTV. ^[43]
In response to this initial criticism, since the early 1990s, MTV restructured its programming to incorporate moral behaviors that might influence their audience. Personalities on the channel began to support environmental issues and emphasize being "socially responsible", encouraging young people to take part in volunteer work in their community. For example, in the spring of 2006, MTV and United Way of America collaborated to promote Storm Corps, an organization to raise money for victims of Hurricane Katrina as an "alternative spring break" activity.^[44] However, such efforts have been criticized as ineffective because of MTV's focus on recreation during its spring break promotion.^[45] In response, MTV claimed it was unfair for the Parents Television Council to claim that the network was corrupting youth solely based on its "Spring Break" programming, explaining that Bozell "attempted to inaccurately paint MTV with this brush of irresponsibility", the PTC's report "underestimates young people's intellect and their level of sophistication", and MTV does not use any obscenities in any of its programs. ^[46] However, the PTC later claimed that MTV still continued to be extremely profane despite that statement. ^[25] Additionally, the MTV shows ''Beauty and the Geek'' (syndicated from The CW)^[48][49] , ''I'm From Rolling Stone''^[50], ''Juvies''^[51] ''Made''^[52], ''Run's House''^[53], ''The Shop''^[54], ''Trick It Out''^[55], and ''True Life''^[56] have been morally praised or approved.

Censorship

Main articles: Censorship on MTV

On the other side of the moral influence debate, MTV has also come under criticism for being too politically correct and sensitive, censoring too much of their programming. Many of MTV's shows were altered or removed from the channel's schedule. Additionally, many music videos aired on the channel were censored, moved to late-night rotation, or banned entirely from the channel.

Social activism

MTV has a long history of promoting social, political, and environmental activism in young people.
In 1992, MTV started a pro-democracy campaign called ''Choose or Lose'', to encourage up to 20 million people to register to vote, and hosted a town hall forum for Bill Clinton.^[57] In the 1990s and early 2000s, MTV promoted annual campaigns known as ''Fight For Your Rights'', with the slogan "Speak Out/Stand Up Against Violence", to bring forth awareness on America's crime, drugs and violence issues.
On April 6, 2001, MTV voluntarily ceased regular programming for 24 hours as part of the year's hate crimes awareness campaign. On that night, MTV aired a made-for-TV movie ''Anatomy of a Hate Crime'', based on a true story of the 1998 murder of 21-year old Matthew Shepard, a gay college student. After the film and a discussion, MTV went dark and showed names of hate crime victims.
MTV also aired a documentary covering a trip by the punk rock band Sum 41 to the Democratic Republic of Congo, documenting the conflict there. The group ended up being caught in the midst of an attack outside of the hotel and were subsequently flown out of the country.^[58]
In recent years, other politically diverse programs on MTV have included ''True Life'', which documents people's lives and problems, and MTV News specials, which center on very current events in both the music industry and the world. One special show covered the 2004 U.S. Presidential election, airing programs focused on the issues and opinions of young people, including a program where viewers could ask questions of Senator John Kerry.^[59] MTV worked with P. Diddy's "Vote or Die" campaign, designed to encourage young people to vote.^[60]
MTV's most recent activism campaign is ''think MTV'', which discusses current political issues such as same-sex marriage, U.S. elections, and war in other countries. The slogan of the program is "Reflect. Decide. Do." As part of ''think MTV'', the channel also airs a series of pro-environmental ads called ''Break The Addiction'', as a way of encouraging their viewers to find ways to use less fossil fuels and energy.

Beyond MTV

Sister channels in the U.S.

In 1985, MTV saw the introduction of its first true sister channel, VH1, short for Video Hits One. Today, MTV Networks still operates VH1, which is aimed at celebrity and popular culture programming, as well as CMT, which targets the country music market.
The advent of satellite television and digital cable brought MTV greater channel diversity, including its current sister channel MTV2, which initially played 24/7 music videos and now focuses on other music-related programming. Two additional channels, MTV Hits and MTV Jams, play music videos exclusively. MTV also broadcasts mtvU, a college-oriented channel on campus at various universities.
Recently, MTV Networks launched MHD (Music: High Definition), a high definition channel that features programming from all three of the major music-themed channels owned by MTV Networks: MTV, VH1, and CMT.
In 2005 and 2006, MTV launched a series of channels for Asian Americans. The first channel was MTV Desi, launched in July 2005, dedicated toward South-Asian Americans. Next was MTV Chi, in December 2005, which catered to Chinese Americans. The third was MTV K, launched on June 27, 2006, and targeted toward Korean Americans. Each of these channels featured music videos and shows from MTV's international affiliates as well as original U.S. programming, promos, and packaging. All three of these channels ceased broadcasting on April 30, 2007.

The Internet

MTV.com, the official website of MTV, expands on the channel's broadcasts by bringing additional content to its viewers. The site's notable features include an online version of MTV News, podcasts, and a video streaming service supported by commercials. There are also movie features, profiles and interviews with recording artists and even clips from MTV television programs. In 2006, MTV.com went through a massive change, transforming the entire site into a video-based entity, in the style of the former MTV Overdrive service.
Also the sole owner of the video game internet site GameTrailers which has a direct partnership with Spike TV another station owned by MTV.

MTV around the world

MTV (UK) operates 16 channels solely in the United Kingdom. MTV Networks and Viacom have launched numerous native-language MTV-branded music channels to countries worldwide. These channels include, but are not limited to, MTV Greece, MTV Canada, Ireland, MTV Spain, MTV Austria, MTV France, MTV Germany, MTV Europe, MTV Portugal, MTV Adria, MTV Denmark, MTV Finland, MTV Italy, MTV Netherlands, MTV Norway, MTV Poland, MTV Romania, MTV Lithuania, MTV Latvia, MTV Estonia, MTV Sweden, MTV Asia, MTV Japan, MTV China, MTV Korea, MTV Philippines, MTV Taiwan, MTV Turkey, MTV Pakistan, MTV India, MTV Latin America, MTV Puerto Rico, MTV Brazil, MTV Australia, MTV New Zealand, MTV Russia, MTV Ukraine, and MTV Base in Africa. Also an International version of MTV known as MTV International was shown on the Internet and the owner of the video game internet site Gametrailers.com.

See also

★ List of MTV channels

★ List of programs broadcast by MTV

★ List of MTV award shows

★ List of MTV VJs

★ Censorship on MTV

★ MTV News

★ think MTV

★ MTV Networks

★ First music videos aired on MTV

★ MTV Generation

★ MTV Buzz Bin

★ The Tube Music Network

★ Cable Music Channel

★ Night Tracks

★ MuchMusic

★ Fuse TV

★ Coolhunting

★ MTV Opera

★ on Wikiquote

References

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2. [2]
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9. MTV's Defense of its Offensive Language is Offensive
10. http://web.archive.org/web/20070516214550/http://www.mtv.com/onair/schedule/mtv/weekly.jhtml
11. http://www.mtv.com/onair/schedule/mtv/weekly.jhtml
12. MTV schedule for the week of Oct. 20, 2002
13. http://www.tv.com/life-as-we-know-it/natural-disasters/episode/356411/summary.html
14. MTV Schedule for Jan. 13, 2007
15. MTV Schedule for July 18, 2007
16. http://www.mtv.com/onair/schedule/mtv/weekly.jhtml
17. http://www.mtv.com/onair/schedule/mtv/weekly.jhtml
18. ‘Merchants of Cool' Not So Hot
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21. MTV Smut Peddlers: Targeting Kids with Sex, Drugs, and Alcohol
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23. PTC campaign against MTV
24. Letter to MTV Sponsors
25.
26. Top Ten Best & Worst Cable Shows of the 2001/02 TV season
27. MTV Knows No Shame
28. Cable Creeps Away from its Mission
29. PTC List of Best and Worst Shows of 2002-2003 season
30. PTC E-Alert
31. PTC evaluation of "Life As We Know It"
32. Teen Sex-Addict Stereotypes
33. Life As We Know It -Worst TV Show of the Week
34. Life As We Know It - Worst TV Show of the Week
35. PTC evaluation of "America's Next Top Model"
36. Depressing Reality Show Sleaze
37. TV's Ickiest Moments of 2005
38. Worst TV Show of the Week - Hidden Palms on CW
39. Worst TV Show of the Week - Hidden Palms on CW
40. PTC evaluation of "Hidden Palms" series
41. http://www.afa.net/mtvboycott.asp
42. Rock For Life Vows to Expose MTV's Anti-Family Agenda
43. http://resources.family.org/product/id/104062.do?code=OL07XFRC
44. ThinkMTV - Features - Alternative Spring Break 2006
45. Spring Break: Hazardous to Your Health?
46. PTC Doesn't Want Its MTV
47.
48. Parents Television Council evaluation of "Beauty and the Geek"
49. Beauty and the Geek - Television Review
50. I'm From Rolling Stone - Television Review
51. MTV Juvies - Television Review
52. MADE - Television Review
53. "Run's House" Television Review
54. The Shop - Television Review
55. Trick it Out - Television Review
56. "True Life" Television Review
57. MTV's traveling "Choose or Lose" vehicle brings politics. Salon. http://www.salon.com/media/media960923.html
58. "Rocked: Sum 41 in Congo" ''War Child Canada''. 2001–2006.
59. Sherman, Tom, "The Real Story of the Youth Vote in the 2004 Election." ''Underscorebleach.net'', 2004-11-04. Retrieved on 2006-04-14.
60. Vargas, Jose Antonio, "Vote or Die? Well, They Did Vote." ''Washingtonpost.com'', 2004-11-09. Retrieved on 2006-04-14.

External links

★ MTV.com

★ MTV International